26,790 research outputs found
Aspectos taxonĂłmicos de Cetopsorhamdia boquillae y C. nasus (Pisces, Heptapteridae), con anotaciones sobre su ecologĂa en la cuenca alta de los rĂos Magdalena y Cauca, Colombia
A taxonomic analysis of Cetopsorhamdia boquillae and Cetopsorhamdia nasus from the Magdalena and Cauca river basin in Colombia is reported here based on fresh topotypical materials. Cetopsorhamdia boquillae can be differentiated from its congener by the color pattern, mainly concerning three dark lines: one on the supraoccipital bone, another at the dorsal fin base and a third at the caudal fin base. The pterygiophore of the dorsal fin first ray is inserted anterior to the ninth vertebra. C. nasus is readily distinguished from its congener by its lack of supraneural spines, fewer than 60 premaxilla teeth, the posterior edge of mesethmoid, and orbitonasal lamina joined by a cartilage band, and the shape of the frontal canal. Cetopsorhamdia boquillae can be distinguished from C. nasus by the length of the adipose-dorsal fin base(statistically significant) (F = 21, P = 0.05), the number of
principal unbranched anal rays (5–6 in C. boquillae, 4 in C. nasus), and fewer vertebrae (36 in C. boquillae,
39 in C. nasus). Chemical, physical and ecological data are included to characterize the species habitats.Se efectuĂł un análisis taxonĂłmico de Cetopsorhamdia boquillae y Cetopsorhamdia nasus de la cuenca alta de los rĂos Magdalena y Cauca, basado en material fresco y topotĂpico. Cetopsorhamdia boquillae se distingue de las demás especies conocidas por la coloraciĂłn (principalmente en presentar una banda vertical oscura a nivel de la base de la aleta caudal, otra banda oscura a nivel del supraoccipital que cubre todo el dorso, otra a nivel del origen de la aleta dorsal). El pterigiĂłforo del primer radio de la aleta dorsal insertado anterior a la novena vĂ©rtebra. C. nasus se distingue de sus congeneres por la ausencia de supraneurales, menos de 60 dientes en el premaxilar, por el borde posterior
del mesetmĂłides, la lámina orbitonasal unidos al frontal por una banda de cartĂlago, y la forma de la fontanela
craneal. Cetopsorhamdia boquillae se distingue de C. nasus por la distancia aleta adiposa–aleta dorsal y es
estadĂsticamente significativa (F = 21, P = 0,05), por el nĂşmero de radios simples principales de la aleta anal (5–
6 en C. boquillae, 4 en C. nasus), y por el nĂşmero menor de vĂ©rtebras (36 en C. boquillae, 39 en C. nasus). Se incluyen datos ecolĂłgicos, fĂsicos y quĂmicos sobre las caracterĂsticas de hábitat de las dos especies válidas
Redescripción de Hemibrycon orcesi Böhlke, 1958 y H. polyodon (Günther, 1864) (Pisces, Characidae), incluye clave para las especies de Hemibrycon en Ecuador
Hemibrycon orcesi is readily distinguished from its congeners by its 13 to 16 teeth on maxilla, base of caudal fin scaled, 34 to 36 scales on lateral line with pores and 17 to 18 branched anal fin rays. H. polyodon is distinguished from its congeners by simple and branched dorsal fin rays of equal length and shape of humeral spot.
Key words: Characidae, Fishes, Taxonomy, Hemibrycon orcesi, Hemibrycon polyodon.Hemibrycon orcesi se distingue de las demás especies del gĂ©nero por presentar 13 a 16 dientes en el maxilar, por la base de la aleta caudal escamada, por 34 a 36 escamas con poros de la lĂnea lateral, por 17 a 18 radios ramificados en la aleta anal. Mientras H. polyodon se distingue de sus congeneres por presentar la aleta dorsal con radios simples y ramificados de igual longitud y la forma de la mancha humeral.
Palabras claves: Peces, Characidae, Taxonomia, Hemibrycon orcesi, Hemibrycon polyodon
Simulation of many-qubit quantum computation with matrix product states
Matrix product states provide a natural entanglement basis to represent a
quantum register and operate quantum gates on it. This scheme can be
materialized to simulate a quantum adiabatic algorithm solving hard instances
of a NP-Complete problem. Errors inherent to truncations of the exact action of
interacting gates are controlled by the size of the matrices in the
representation. The property of finding the right solution for an instance and
the expected value of the energy are found to be remarkably robust against
these errors. As a symbolic example, we simulate the algorithm solving a
100-qubit hard instance, that is, finding the correct product state out of ~
10^30 possibilities. Accumulated statistics for up to 60 qubits point at a slow
growth of the average minimum time to solve hard instances with
highly-truncated simulations of adiabatic quantum evolution.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, final versio
Two new Bryconamericus: B. cinarucoense n. sp. and B. singularis n. sp. (Characiformes, Characidae) from the Cinaruco River, Orinoco Basin, with keys to all Venezuelan species
Here we describe for the first time Bryconamericus cinarucoense n. sp. and Bryconamericus singularis n. sp., two new species of Characiformesfrom the Cinaruco River, Orinoco Basin in Venezuela. B. cinarucoense n. sp. is distinguished from all other species of the genus in having: upper jaw extending beyond lower, maxilla short with only one or two teeth, cartilaginous rhinosphenoid extending to anterior part of prevomer, pelvic bone with cartilage along anterior edge, lateral line pores in straight line. B. singularis n. sp. is distinguished from congeners by having top of head flat, dentary with six or seven small unicuspid teeth, a dark lateral band extending from posterior edge of humeral spot to midbase of caudal fin which widens behind dorsal-fin origin, and in having five supraneurals which lack cartilage on the upper and lower extremities. Keys to aid identification of all known Venezuela species are included. Bryconamericus motatanensis is placed in the synonymy of B. alpha. Previous reports of B. breviceps and B. heteresthes from Venezuela are misidentifications, and are here considered as either B. cinarucoense n. sp., or another as yet undescribed species
The B1 shock in the L1157 outflow as seen at high spatial resolution
We present high spatial resolution (750 AU at 250 pc) maps of the B1 shock in
the blue lobe of the L1157 outflow in four lines: CS (3-2), CH3OH (3_K-2_K),
HC3N (16-15) and p-H2CO (2_02-3_01). The combined analysis of the morphology
and spectral profiles has shown that the highest velocity gas is confined in a
few compact (~ 5 arcsec) bullets while the lowest velocity gas traces the wall
of the gas cavity excavated by the shock expansion. A large velocity gradient
model applied to the CS (3-2) and (2-1) lines provides an upper limit of 10^6
cm^-3 to the averaged gas density in B1 and a range of 5x10^3< n(H2)< 5x10^5
cm^-3 for the density of the high velocity bullets. The origin of the bullets
is still uncertain: they could be the result of local instabilities produced by
the interaction of the jet with the ambient medium or could be clump already
present in the ambient medium that are excited and accelerated by the expanding
outflow. The column densities of the observed species can be reproduced
qualitatively by the presence in B1 of a C-type shock and only models where the
gas reaches temperatures of at least 4000 K can reproduce the observed HC3N
column density.Comment: 13 pages, 12 figure
A new endemic species of Bryconamericus (Characiformes, Characidae) from the Middle Cauca River Basin, Colombia
Una nueva especie endĂ©mica de Bryconamericus (Characiformes, Characidae) de la cuenca media del rĂo Cauca, en Colombia
Se describe una nueva especie, Bryconamericus caldasi, en la cuenca media del rĂo Cauca en los Andes de Colombia. La nueva especie se distingue de todos sus congĂ©neres por el nĂşmero de escamas predorsales (15–17 vs. 9–14) y tambiĂ©n por poseer el diente maxilar anterior ancho, al menos dos veces más ancho que el diente posterior; ambos son pentacĂşspides (vs. dientes del maxilar de igual tamaño) y por una banda lateral oscura que se solapa con la mancha peduncular y con un dibujo reticulado a ambos lados del cuerpo (vs. mancha peduncular y otros pigmentos no solapados sobre la banda lateral oscura). Se observaron diferencias que distinguen a la nueva especie de B. caucanus, el Ăşnico congĂ©nere simpátrico: el nĂşmero de escamas predorsales (15–17 vs.12–13), el perfil dorsal convexo (vs. oblicuo), el tamaño de la escama y el nĂşmero de filas de escamas en la base de la aleta caudal (escamas pequeñas y ordenadas en dos o más filas vs. escamas largas y ordenadas en una sola fila), las aletas pectorales que no llegan a la inserciĂłn de las aletas pĂ©lvicas o llegan muy justo (vs. aletas pectorales que llegan a las inserciones de las aletas pĂ©lvicas) y la posiciĂłn del origen de la aleta dorsal (en la vertical del extremo posterior de las aletas pĂ©lvicas vs. en la vertical del extremo anterior de las aletas pĂ©lvicas.Bryconamericus caldasi, a new species, is described from the Middle Cauca River drainage, Andean versant of Colombia. The new species is distinguished from all congeners by: the number of predorsal scales (15–17 vs. 9–14); a wide anterior maxilla tooth, at least twice as wide as the posterior tooth, both of which are pentacuspid (vs. maxilla teeth of same size); a dark lateral stripe overlaid by a peduncular spot; and a reticulated pattern on the sides of body (vs. peduncular spot and other body pigments not superimposed over a dark lateral stripe). We found several differences that distinguish the new species from B. caucanus, the only sympatric congener: number of predorsal median scales (15–17 vs. 12–13); convex predorsal profile (vs. oblique); scale size and number of scale rows at caudal–fin base (small scales arranged in two or more rows vs. large scales in just one row); pectoral fins not or just reaching pelvic fin insertions (vs. pectoral fins reaching posterior to pelvic–fin insertions); and dorsal–fin origin position (at vertical through posterior tip of pelvic–fin vs. at a vertical anterior to pelvic–fin tip).Una nueva especie endĂ©mica de Bryconamericus (Characiformes, Characidae) de la cuenca media del rĂo Cauca, en Colombia
Se describe una nueva especie, Bryconamericus caldasi, en la cuenca media del rĂo Cauca en los Andes de Colombia. La nueva especie se distingue de todos sus congĂ©neres por el nĂşmero de escamas predorsales (15–17 vs. 9–14) y tambiĂ©n por poseer el diente maxilar anterior ancho, al menos dos veces más ancho que el diente posterior; ambos son pentacĂşspides (vs. dientes del maxilar de igual tamaño) y por una banda lateral oscura que se solapa con la mancha peduncular y con un dibujo reticulado a ambos lados del cuerpo (vs. mancha peduncular y otros pigmentos no solapados sobre la banda lateral oscura). Se observaron diferencias que distinguen a la nueva especie de B. caucanus, el Ăşnico congĂ©nere simpátrico: el nĂşmero de escamas predorsales (15–17 vs.12–13), el perfil dorsal convexo (vs. oblicuo), el tamaño de la escama y el nĂşmero de filas de escamas en la base de la aleta caudal (escamas pequeñas y ordenadas en dos o más filas vs. escamas largas y ordenadas en una sola fila), las aletas pectorales que no llegan a la inserciĂłn de las aletas pĂ©lvicas o llegan muy justo (vs. aletas pectorales que llegan a las inserciones de las aletas pĂ©lvicas) y la posiciĂłn del origen de la aleta dorsal (en la vertical del extremo posterior de las aletas pĂ©lvicas vs. en la vertical del extremo anterior de las aletas pĂ©lvicas
Bryconamericus macarenae n. sp. (Characiformes, Characidae) from the GĂĽejar River, Macarena mountain range, Colombia
Bryconamericus macarenae sp. n. (Characiformes, Characidae) del rĂo GĂĽejar, sierra de La Macarana, Colombia
Basándonos en 174 especĂmenes y utilizando caracterĂsticas morfomĂ©tricas, merĂsticas y osteolĂłgicas describimos una nueva especie: Bryconamericus macarenae, del rĂo GĂĽejar en la cordillera de La Macarena, cuenca del Orinoco, Colombia. Difiere de sus congĂ©neres por tener: la lĂnea lateral incompleta (comparado con lĂnea lateral completa en todos excepto B. delta) y un nĂşmero menor de perforaciones, y menos conspicuas, en el canal laterosensorial del hueso extraescapular (comparado con una perforaciĂłn del canal laterosensorial conspicua). Posee cuatro o menos radios no ramificados en las aletas anales (comparado con cinco o más radios no ramificados de las aletas anales), un hueso extraescapular corto y engrosado sin proyecciones desde su margen posterior, o Ăşnicamente con una pequeña apĂłfisis (comparado con proyecciones Ăłseas extraescapulares irregulares y largas en sus márgenes, y una gran apĂłfisis ondulada en su margen posterior). TambiĂ©n difiere en su coloraciĂłn en vivo. Se incluye una clave dicotĂłmica de clasificaciĂłn de las especies de Bryconamericus, pobladoras de la cuenca del Orinoco y del rĂo Catatumbo.
Palabras clave: Bryconamericus macarenae sp. n., Tropical, RĂo, Agua dulce, OsteologĂa, Dientes.Basándonos en 174 especĂmenes y utilizando caracterĂsticas morfomĂ©tricas, merĂsticas y osteolĂłgicas describimos una nueva especie: Bryconamericus macarenae, del rĂo GĂĽejar en la cordillera de La Macarena, cuenca del Orinoco, Colombia. Difiere de sus congĂ©neres por tener: la lĂnea lateral incompleta (comparado con lĂnea lateral completa en todos excepto B. delta) y un nĂşmero menor de perforaciones, y menos conspicuas, en el canal laterosensorial del hueso extraescapular (comparado con una perforaciĂłn del canal laterosensorial conspicua). Posee cuatro o menos radios no ramificados en las aletas anales (comparado con cinco o más radios no ramificados de las aletas anales), un hueso extraescapular corto y engrosado sin proyecciones desde su margen posterior, o Ăşnicamente con una pequeña apĂłfisis (comparado con proyecciones Ăłseas extraescapulares irregulares y largas en sus márgenes, y una gran apĂłfisis ondulada en su margen posterior). TambiĂ©n difiere en su coloraciĂłn en vivo. Se incluye una clave dicotĂłmica de clasificaciĂłn de las especies de Bryconamericus, pobladoras de la cuenca del Orinoco y del rĂo Catatumbo.
Palabras clave: Bryconamericus macarenae sp. n., Tropical, RĂo, Agua dulce, OsteologĂa, Dientes.Based on 174 specimens, using morphometric, meristic and osteological characters, we describe a new species: Bryconamericus macarenae from the GĂĽejar River in La Macarena mountain range, Orinoco Basin, Colombia. It differs from congeners in having: an incomplete lateral line (vs. complete lateral line in all except B. delta) and fewer and less conspicuous perforations in the latero–sensorial canal of the extrascapular bone (vs. conspicuous latero–sensorial canal perforation). It has four or fewer unbranched anal-fin rays (vs. five or more unbranched anal–fin rays), a short, thickened extrascapular bone without projections from the posterior margin, or with only a reduced apophysis (vs. extrascapular long, irregular, bony projections on its margins, and with a large undulated apophysis on its posterior margin). It also differs in live coloration. A key of species of Bryconamericus known from the Orinoco Basin and the Catatumbo River is included.
Key words: Bryconamericus macarenae n. sp., Tropical, River, Freshwater, Osteology, Teeth
Dos nuevos Bryconamericus: B. cinarucoense sp. n. y B. singularis sp. n. (Characiformes, Characidae) del rĂo Cinaruco, cuenca del Orinoco, con claves para todas las especies de Venezuela
Here we describe for the first time Bryconamericus cinarucoense n. sp. and Bryconamericus singularis n. sp., two new species of Characiformes from the Cinaruco River, Orinoco Basin in Venezuela. B. cinarucoense n. sp. is distinguished from all other
species of the genus in having: upper jaw extending beyond lower, maxilla short with only one or two teeth, cartilaginous rhinosphenoid extending to anterior part of prevomer, pelvic bone with cartilage along anterior edge, lateral line pores in straight line. B. singularis n. sp. is distinguished from congeners by having top of head flat, dentary with six or seven small unicuspid teeth, a dark lateral band extending from posterior edge of humeral spot to midbase of caudal fin which widens behind dorsal–fin origin, and in having five supraneurals which lack cartilage on the upper and lower extremities. Keys to aid identification of all known Venezuela species are included. Bryconamericus motatanensis is placed in the synonymy of B. alpha. Previous reports of B. breviceps and B. heteresthes from Venezuela are misidentifications, and are here considered as either B. cinarucoense n. sp., or another as yet undescribed species.
Key words: B. cinarucoense n. sp., B. singularis n. sp., Tropical fish, Taxonomy, Osteology, Teeth.Se describen dos especies nuevas de Bryconamericus de la cuenca del Orinoco en Venezuela: Bryconamericus
cinarucoense sp. n. y B. singularis sp. n. (Characiformes, Characidae). B. cinarucoense sp. n. se distingue de sus congĂ©neres por presentar la mandĂbula superior sobresaliente, la maxila corta y con uno o dos dientes, el rinoesfenoides cartilaginoso se extiende hacia la parte anterior del prevomer, el hueso pĂ©lvico con cartĂlago a lo largo de su margen anterior, y por presentar los poros de la lĂnea lateral en lĂnea recta. B. singularis sp. n. se diferencia de las demás especies por presentar el extremo de la cabeza aplanado, seis o siete pequeños dientes unicĂşspides en el dentario y una banda lateral oscura que se extiende desde el extremo posterior de la mancha humeral hasta la base media de la aleta caudal que se ensancha en su parte posterior detrás del nivel del origen de la aleta dorsal, y por presentar cinco supraneurales sin cartĂlago en sus extremos superior e inferior. Se incluyen claves para la determinaciĂłn de las especies conocidas de Bryconamericus en Venezuela. Bryconamericus motatanensis se ubica como sinĂłnimo de B. alpha. Citas previas de B. breviceps y B. heteresthes de Venezuela son identificaciones errĂłneas, y aquĂ se considera como B. cinarucoense, u otra especie aĂşn no descrita.
Palabras claves: B. cinarucoense sp. n., B. singularis sp. n., Pez tropical, Taxonomìa, OsteologĂa, Dientes
Diagnosing shock temperature with NH and HO profiles
In a previous study of the L1157 B1 shocked cavity, a comparison between
NH(1-) and HO(1--1) transitions showed a
striking difference in the profiles, with HO emitting at definitely higher
velocities. This behaviour was explained as a result of the high-temperature
gas-phase chemistry occurring in the postshock gas in the B1 cavity of this
outflow. If the differences in behaviour between ammonia and water are indeed a
consequence of the high gas temperatures reached during the passage of a shock,
then one should find such differences to be ubiquitous among chemically rich
outflows. In order to determine whether the difference in profiles observed
between NH and HO is unique to L1157 or a common characteristic of
chemically rich outflows, we have performed Herschel-HIFI observations of the
NH(1-0) line at 572.5 GHz in a sample of 8 bright low-mass outflow
spots already observed in the HO(1--1) line within
the WISH KP. We detected the ammonia emission at high-velocities at most of the
outflows positions. In all cases, the water emission reaches higher velocities
than NH, proving that this behaviour is not exclusive of the L1157-B1
position. Comparisons with a gas-grain chemical and shock model confirms, for
this larger sample, that the behaviour of ammonia is determined principally by
the temperature of the gas.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Monthly Notices of the Royal
Astronomical Societ
Performance of malolactic fermentation by inoculation of selected Lactobacillus plantarum and Oenococcus oeni strains isolated from Rioja red wines
Malolactic fermentations (MLF) of wines inoculated with selected lactic acid bacteria strains of the species Oenococcus oeni and Lactobacillus plantarum were studied and compared with spontaneous MLF. Bacterial populations were monitored along the whole process of MLF and bacteria identifications were carried out at species and strain level. Macrorestriction analysis with SfiI endonuclease and subsequent PFGE was carried out in order to identify O. oeni individual strains. L. plantarum active lyophila did not survive competing with the indigenous microbiota in a wine with 15.3 % (vol/vol) alcohol, whereas the selected O. oeni strains carried out wine MLF. The highest production of histamine took place during MLF in those wines that underwent spontaneous MLF with a mixed population of indigenous strains. The lowest levels of histamine were obtained with the selected commercial O. oeni strain that succeeded 100 % over the indigenous microbiota. Results indicate that development of MLF leaded by selected O. oeni active lyophila provides negligible histamine levels in red wines of quality that can be submitted to subsequent ageing in wood.
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