Variability in soil properties influencing pigeonpea (Cajanus cajana L.) yield: a multivariate statistical analysis [version 3; peer review: 2 approved]

Aims: The aim of the study was to reveal the variability in soil properties influencing pigeonpea (Cajanus cajana L.) seed yield under semi-arid rainfed condition. Methods: Soils were initially classified into series level and further these series were divided into soil-phase units. For two site years viz., 2018-19 and 2019-20, surface soil samples from each soil-phase unit were collected before sowing of pigeonpea and subsequently crop growth parameters at critical stages were recorded. Results: The principal component analysis with varimax rotation resulted in seven components for both the site years, having eigenvalues greater than one, explained more than 80% of the variability. The step wise linear regression analysis showed that the pigeonpea seed yield was linearly correlated with PC3 (p<0.01), PC4 (p<0.01) and PC7 (p<0.05) of soil properties with R2 = 0.679, during 2018-19. Whereas, during 2019-20, the seed yield was linearly correlated with PC1 (p<0.01), PC3 (p<0.01) and PC6 (p<0.05) with R2 = 0.677. In site year 1, the available P2O5, Fe, Zn, S, Cu, number of pods, surface soil moisture determined the yield. In site year 2, the available K2O, P2O5, Fe, Zn, S, clay, CEC and available water content determined the yield. All these variables together explain variability in yield

High Resolution Genotyping of Clinical Aspergillus flavus Isolates from India Using Microsatellites

Contains fulltext : 124312.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)BACKGROUND: Worldwide, Aspergillus flavus is the second leading cause of allergic, invasive and colonizing fungal diseases in humans. However, it is the most common species causing fungal rhinosinusitis and eye infections in tropical countries. Despite the growing challenges due to A. flavus, the molecular epidemiology of this fungus has not been well studied. We evaluated the use of microsatellites for high resolution genotyping of A. flavus from India and a possible connection between clinical presentation and genotype of the involved isolate. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A panel of nine microsatellite markers were selected from the genome of A. flavus NRRL 3357. These markers were used to type 162 clinical isolates of A. flavus. All nine markers proved to be polymorphic displaying up to 33 alleles per marker. Thirteen isolates proved to be a mixture of different genotypes. Among the 149 pure isolates, 124 different genotypes could be recognized. The discriminatory power (D) for the individual markers ranged from 0.657 to 0.954. The D value of the panel of nine markers combined was 0.997. The multiplex multicolor approach was instrumental in rapid typing of a large number of isolates. There was no correlation between genotype and the clinical presentation of the infection. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: There is a large genotypic diversity in clinical A. flavus isolates from India. The presence of more than one genotype in clinical samples illustrates the possibility that persons may be colonized by multiple genotypes and that any isolate from a clinical specimen is not necessarily the one actually causing infection. Microsatellites are excellent typing targets for discriminating between A. flavus isolates from various origins

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Not AvailableIn the present study, the variable surface glycoprotein (VSG) gene of Trypanosoma evansi was cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris (X-33). The diagnostic potential of recombinant VSG (rVSG) in ELISA has been determined using 1818 field sera samples collected from different species across different states of India. The developed test was compared with the standard reference test such as, CATT/T. evansi; moreover, the new assay was also compared in ELISA using VSG RoTat 1.2 antigen. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of recombinant protein were found to be 95.4% and 93.8% respectively, with Cohen’s kappa value of 0.86. The epidemiological study revealed varied prevalence of surra in different species and across different geographical regions of India. Cattle experienced higher prevalence of surra with 42.2% seropositivity from eastern region of India, whereas camel showed 19.9% seropositivity from Rajasthan. Hence, the present study is useful asNot Availabl

Development of an enzyme immunoassay using recombinant invariant surface glycoprotein (rISG) 75 for serodiagnosis of bovine trypanosomosis

7-15Trypanosomosis or surra is caused by the haemoflagellate parasite, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Trypanosoma evansi and is an important disease of animals, including domestic and wild herbivores and carnivores, in tropical countries. The invariant surface glycoproteins (ISGs) are blood stream stage specific and are uniformly distributed over the entire surface of the trypanosomes. In the present study, the extracellular domain (ED) region of ISG-75 from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">T. evansi, consisting of 1320 nt, encoding a polypeptide of 440 amino acids, has been heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. Further, the immunoreactivity of recombinant ISG-75 (rISG-75) was characterized in immunoblot and ELISA using T. evansi hyper immune sera raised in experimental animals. The protein was found immunoreactive when compared with a panel of antigens (VSG RoTat 1.2 and whole cell lysate) using bovine serum samples from field. The diagnostic potential of rISG-75 was evaluated in ELISA with large number of bovine field serum samples. The optimum sensitivity and specificity were 98.47 and 99.1, respectively. The present finding showed that the expressed protein has potential use in the serodiagnosis of trypanosomosis. </span

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Not AvailableTrypanosomosis or surra is caused by the haemoflagellate parasite, Trypanosoma evansi and is an important disease of animals, including domestic and wild herbivores and carnivores, in tropical countries. The invariant surface glycoproteins (ISGs) are blood stream stage specific and are uniformly distributed over the entire surface of the trypanosomes. In the present study, the extracellular domain (ED) region of ISG-75 from T. evansi, consisting of 1320 nt, encoding a polypeptide of 440 amino acids, has been heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. Further, the immunoreactivity of recombinant ISG-75 (rISG-75) was characterized in immunoblot and ELISA using T. evansi hyper immune sera raised in experimental animals. The protein was found immunoreactive when compared with a panel of antigens (VSG RoTat 1.2 and whole cell lysate) using bovine serum samples from field. The diagnostic potential of rISG-75 was evaluated in ELISA with large number of bovine field serum samples. The optimum sensitivity and specificity were 98.47 and 99.1, respectively. The present finding showed that the expressed protein has potential use in the serodiagnosis of trypanosomosis.Not Availabl

Serodiagnosis of animal trypanosomosis using a recombinant invariant surface glycoprotein of <i>Trypanosoma evansi</i>

209-216Trypanosomosis is endemic in many parts of the world in animals and humans. The diagnosis of asymptomatic carrier animals and a followup treatment is essential for control of the disease. In the present study, the extracellular domain (ED) region of invariant surface glycoprotein (ISG-75) gene of Trypanosoma evansi consisting of 1320 nucleotides (nt), encoding a polypeptide of 440 amino acids (aa) has been cloned and expressed in eukaryotic system Pichia pastoris (X-33). Immunoreactivity of the expressed protein (~70 kDa) was checked using a panel of standard serum samples. Furthermore, the diagnostic potential of the protein was evaluated using bovine, camel and horse serum samples from the field. Statistical analysis of the bovine data showed optimum combination of sensitivity and specificity at 98.6 and 99.7, respectively (>0.547 cut off OD value). The present finding revealed that the recombinant protein can be exploited as a potential diagnostic antigen in the serodiagnosis of trypanosomosis

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Not AvailableTrypanosomosis is endemic in many parts of the world in animals and humans. The diagnosis of asymptomatic carrier animals and a followup treatment is essential for control of the disease. In the present study, the extracellular domain (ED) region of invariant surface glycoprotein (ISG-75) gene of Trypanosoma evansi consisting of 1320 nucleotides (nt), encoding a polypeptide of 440 amino acids (aa) has been cloned and expressed in eukaryotic system Pichia pastoris (X-33). Immunoreactivity of the expressed protein (~70 kDa) was checked using a panel of standard serum samples. Furthermore, the diagnostic potential of the protein was evaluated using bovine, camel and horse serum samples from the field. Statistical analysis of the bovine data showed optimum combination of sensitivity and specificity at 98.6 and 99.7, respectively (>0.547 cut off OD value). The present finding revealed that the recombinant protein can be exploited as a potential diagnostic antigen in the serodiagnosis of trypanosomosis.Not Availabl

Taxonomical Approach on Different Soil Types of Kalyana Karnataka, India

The three types of soils namely red, lateritic and black soils from Kalyana Karnataka, India, belonged to selected soil series derived from diversified geology, topography, climate and vegetation were characterized and classified based on geomorphological, morphological, physical and chemical soil properties. Red and lateritic soils series other than Badrapur, Kodambal, Rummanagunda and Kallarahatti series were classified as Typic Haplustepts while Badrapur, Kodambal, Rummanagunda and Kallarahatti series as Lithic Haplustepts at sub group level. All the black soils series other than Margutti series were keyed out as Typic Haplusterts while Margutti series as Lithic Haplusterts at subgroup level

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Not AvailableTrypanosoma evansi, a haemoflagellate, causes "surra" an important chronic wasting disease of a wide range of wild and domestic herbivorous and carnivorous animals including cattle, buffaloes, camels, horses, etc. The untreated recovered animal can act as a carrier without exhibiting the disease symptoms and can be a source of infection to healthy animals. The diagnosis and subsequent treatment of the carrier animals is helpful to curb the disease. As the parasitaemia in carrier animals is very scanty, the conventional blood smear examination, which is widely practiced in the field, cannot detect such condition. For this purpose improved diagnostics are very much useful for mass sero-screening test such as ELISA. In the present study, the VSG of T. evansi was expressed in prokaryotic system (E. coli) and thereafter its immunoreactivity has been evaluated in immuno blot and enzyme immuno assay. The expressed protein showed 95.6% sensitivity, 98.0% specificity and 0.93 Cohen's kappa value, when compared with standard antigens. The developed antigen has also been validated with field serum samples from bovine, camel and horse collected from different states of India. The data showed that the developed recombinant antigen can be a diagnostic tool to detect carrier animals as well as control of the disease.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableTrypanosoma evansi, a haemoflagellate, causes “surra” an important chronic wasting dis-ease of a wide range of wild and domestic herbivorous and carnivorous animals including cattle, buffaloes, camels, horses, etc. The untreated recovered animal can act as a carrier without exhibiting the disease symptoms and can be a source of infection to healthy animals. The diagnosis and subsequent treatment of the carrier animals is helpful to curb the disease. As the parasitaemia in carrier animals is very scanty, the conventional blood smear examination, which is widely practiced in the field, cannot detect such condition.For this purpose improved diagnostics are very much useful for mass sero-screening test such as ELISA. In the present study, the VSG of T. evansi was expressed in prokaryotic system(E. coli) and thereafter its immunoreactivity has been evaluated in immunoblot and enzyme immunoassay. The expressed protein showed 95.6% sensitivity, 98.0% specificity and0.93 Cohen’s kappa value, when compared with standard antigens. The developed antigen has also been validated with field serum samples from bovine, camel and horse collected from different states of India. The data showed that the developed recombinant antigen can be a diagnostic tool to detect carrier animals as well as control of the disease.Not Availabl