Das Notariat und die Besicherung von Geldforderungen durch Liegenschaften

Zakonom o javnom bilježništvu (Narodne novine br. 78/1993., 29/1994., 16/2007. i 75/2009.) u hrvatski pravni sustav uvedeni su instituti javnobilježničkog osiguranja tražbina. Ovršni zakon (Narodne novine br. 57/1996., 29/1999., 42/2000.,173/2003.,194/2003.,151/2004., 88/2005. i 67/2008.) u cijelosti je afirmirao ovaj način osiguranja tražbina. U ovom radu razmatraju se instituti javnobilježničkog osiguranja tražbina na nekretninama kao dobrovoljnog osiguranja koje se temelji na sporazumu stranaka. Obrađuje se javnobilježničko osiguranje tražbine na nekretnini zasnivanjem založnog prava, hipoteke, posebno ukazujući na propise koji taj insitut reguliraju, kakav sadržaj i formu trebaju imati isprave o tom osiguranju, upis hipoteke u zemljišne knjige te nakon dospijeća osigurane tražbine način namirenja vjerovnika koji ima takvo osiguranje. Javnobilježničko osiguranje prijenosom vlasništva nekretnine, fiducijarno osiguranje, je institut dobrovoljnog osiguranja koji neovisno o zakonskoj regulativi u praksi postoji gotovo isključivo kao javnobilježničko osiguranje. Obrađuje se institut u cijelosti, od pretpostavki za nastanak osiguranja, postupka namirenja vjerovnika u slučaju dospjelosti osigurane tražbine te status vjerovnika i osiguranja nakon otvaranje stečaja nad vjerovnikom odnosno nad dužnikom. Ukazuje se na probleme u praksi, za neke od njih pokušalo se ponuditi rješenje, dok su drugi samo problematizirani. Iznalaženje odgovora na njih trud je koji moramo uložiti kroz daljnju primjenu ovih instituta.The Law on Public Notaries (NN 78/93, 29/94, 16/07 and 75/09) introduced institutes of notary public insurance claims in the Croatian legal system. The Execution Act (NN 57/96, 29/99,42/00,173/03, 194/03, 151/04, 88/08) has fully validated this type of insurance of claims. This work considers the institutes of notary public\u27s insurance of claims on realty as voluntary insurance based on agreement between the parties. It deals with the notaries public\u27s insurance of claims on realty by establishing the law of lien, mortgages, with special reference to the rules that regulate this institute which in the case of insurance by notaries public somewhat differ from those regulating court insurance of lien. The insurance documents must comply in form and content with all the terms in order for the mortgage to be entered in the land ownership records and for the insurance coverage to be obtained. After the insured claim for the pay settlement with the creditor covered by such an insurance falls due, the case is settled in the court distraint proceedings, regardless of whether the insurance certificate was drafted by the court or by the notary public. Insurance conducted by notaries public through the transfer of real estate ownership, fiduciary insurance, is an institute of voluntary insurance which regardless of legal regulation exists in practice almost exclusively as insurance by notaries public. This work deals with the institute as a whole. It deals with the preconditions that need to be met by the agreement on fiduciary insurance both in its form and content. Special emphasis is given to the mandatory provisions of such an agreement and also those which the parties may agree on at the time of the agreement to avoid disputes in cases when the insured claim falls due. The creditor\u27s settlement procedure in cases when the insured claim falls due differs depending on whether the creditor requires that the real estate be sold immediately for the purpose of settlement or whether the proceedings were instigated so he would become the full owner of the real estate, in which case his claim would be considered fully settled.. The settlement procedure is always conducted through the notary public regardless of whether the insurance certificate is made up in the form of court minutes or as a notary public\u27s certificate. Finally, the paper deals with the status of creditor and debtor following the institution of bankrupcy proceedings against the creditor or debtor in the case of fiduciary insurance. Attention is also drawn to problems in legal practice. For some of them a solution has been offered, while for others the problems encountered were discussed. We must make an effort to find a solution to these problems through the further application of the above institutes.Das Notariatsgesetz (Amtsblatt Narodne novine 78/93, 29/94, 16/07 und 75/09) hat Institute der notariellen Forderungssicherung in die kroatische Rechtsordnung eingeführt. Durch das Zwangsvollstreckungsgesetz (Amtsblatt NN 57/96, 29/99, 42/00,173/03,194/03,151/04,88/05 und 67/08) wurde diese Form der Forderungssicherung gänzlich etabliert. Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit den Instituten der notariellen Forderungsbesicherung anhand von Liegenschaften, die von den Parteien freiwillig vereinbart werden. Es wird im Einzelnen die notarielle Forderungsbesicherung durch Begründung eines Pfandrechts an einer Liegenschaft (Hypothek) behandelt und auf die Vorschriften zur Regelung dieses Institut hingewiesen, die sich von der Regelung der gerichtlichen pfandrechtlichen Besicherung in gewisser Weise unterscheiden. Die Urkunden über diese Sicherung müssen allen formalen und inhaltlichen Voraussetzungen genügen, damit die Hypothek in das Grundbuch eingetragen und die Besicherung dadurch bestellt werden kann. Nach Fälligkeit der besicherten Forderung wird die Forderung des Gläubigers, der über eine solche Besicherung verfügt, im Wege eines gerichtlichen Zwangsvollstreckungsverfahrens befriedigt, unabhängig davon, ob die Besicherungsurkunde von einem Gericht oder einem Notar errichtet wurde. Die notarielle Besicherung durch Übertragung des Eigentums an einer Liegenschaft, die treuhänderische Besicherung, ist ein Institut der freiwilligen Besicherung, die ungeachtet der gesetzlichen Regelung in der Praxis ausschließlich als notarielle Besicherung vorkommt. Das Institut wird in dieser Arbeit vollständig behandelt. Bearbeitet werden die formalen und inhaltlichen Voraussetzungen, die eine Vereinbarung über eine treuhänderische Besicherung erfüllen muss. Besonders wird auf die verbindlichen Klauseln einer solchen Vereinbarung eingegangen, ebenso aber auch auf diejenigen, die von den Parteien bei Schließung der Vereinbarung festgelegt werden, um Streitigkeiten bei einer eingetretenen Fälligkeit der besicherten Forderung zu begleichen. Das Verfahren zur Befriedigung des Gläubigers bei eingetretener Fälligkeit der besicherten Forderung unterscheidet sich je nachdem, ob der Gläubiger zwecks Befriedigung sofort die Veräußerung der Liegenschaft verlangt oder ein Verfahren angestrengt hat, um vollberechtigter Eigentümer der Liegenschaft zu werden, wodurch er in Gänze als befriedigt zu gelten hat. Das Befriedigungsverfahren wird, ungeachtet dessen, ob die Besicherungsurkunde als Gerichtsprotokoll oder als notarielle Urkunde vorliegt, immer durch einen Notar durchgeführt. Schließlich wird der Status von Gläubiger und Schuldner nach Eröffnung des Insolvenzverfahrens über den Gläubiger beziehungsweise den Schuldner im Falle der treuhänderischen Besicherung behandelt. Die Probleme, die in der Praxis auftauchen, werden dargelegt, für einige werden Lösungsversuche angeboten, andere werden nur problematisiert. Die Antworten darauf zu finden, ist ein Unterfangen, dem wir uns im Verlauf der weiteren Anwendung des Instituts unterziehen müssen

Can Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera (EPT) assemblage reflect nitrogen and phosphorus load in the riverine ecosystem?

The aim of this paper is to make a comparative analysis of benthic macroinvertebrate compositions in streams and rivers in Croatia with relation to different physical-chemical factors, especially nutrients. Samples were collected according to the AQEM method. At all the sites, 20 taxa were recorded of which Turbellaria, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Oligochaeta, Hirudinea, Crustacea, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Plecoptera, Heteroptera, Trichoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera were included in the present study. Water temperature mostly affected the composition of benthic macroinvertebrates to which it was inversely proportional. Nutrient enrichment, i.e., higher concentrations of ammonium, nitrates, nitrites, total nitrogen, orthophosphates and total phosphorus mostly affected Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Diptera, by decreasing their diversity

Solar differential rotation in the period 1964 - 2016 determined by the Kanzelh\"ohe data set

The main aim of this work is to determine the solar differential rotation by tracing sunspot groups during the period 1964-2016, using the Kanzelh\"ohe Observatory for Solar and Environmental Research (KSO) sunspot drawings and white light images. Two procedures for the determination of the heliographic positions were applied: an interactive procedure on the KSO sunspot drawings (1964 - 2008, solar cycles nos. 20 - 23) and an automatic procedure on the KSO white light images (2009 - 2016, solar cycle no. 24). For the determination of the synodic angular rotation velocities two different methods have been used: a daily shift (DS) method and a robust linear least-squares fit (rLSQ) method. Afterwards, the rotation velocities had to be converted from synodic to sidereal, which were then used in the least-squares fitting for the solar differential rotation law. For the test data from 2014, we found the rLSQ method for calculating rotational velocities to be more reliable than the DS method. The best fit solar differential rotation profile for the whole time period is $\omega(b)$ = (14.47 $\pm$ 0.01) - (2.66 $\pm$ 0.10) $\sin^2b$ (deg/day) for the DS method and $\omega(b)$ = (14.50 $\pm$ 0.01) - (2.87 $\pm$ 0.12) $\sin^2b$ (deg/day) for the rLSQ method. A barely noticeable north - south asymmetry is observed for the whole time period 1964 - 2016 in the present paper. Rotation profiles, using different data sets (e.g. Debrecen Photoheliographic Data, Greenwich Photoheliographic Results), presented by other authors for the same time periods and the same tracer types, are in good agreement with our results. Therefore, the KSO data set is suitable for the investigation of the long-term variabilities in the solar rotation profile

Hydrodynamical and radiative modeling of temporal H{\alpha} emission V/R variations caused by a discontinuous mass transfer in binaries

H{\alpha} emission V/R variations caused by a discontinous mass transfer in interacting binaries with a rapidly rotating accreting star are modelled qualititatively for the first time. The program ZEUS-MP was used for a non-linear 3-D hydrodynamical modeling of a development of a blob of gaseous material injected into an orbit around a star. It resulted in the formation of an elongated disk with a slow prograde revolution. The LTE radiative transfer program SHELLSPEC was used to calculate the H{\alpha} profiles originating in the disk for several phases of its revolution. The profiles have the form of a double emission and exhibit V/R and radial velocity variations. However, these variations should be a temporal phenomenon since imposing a viscosity in given model would lead to a circularization of the disk and fading-out of given variations.Comment: accepted for a publication in Astronomical Journa