La diversité fonctionnelle racinaire peut-elle favoriser la résilience des mélanges de graminées méditerranéennes sous sécheresses sévères ?

The sustainability of grasslands is threatened under climate change especially in Mediterranean areas. As biodiversity is increasingly recognized to enhance and stabilize processes within plant communities, we aimed to test whether the associations of forage species with contrasting belowground functional strategies improve soil water use and resilience of biomass productivity under increasing summer aridity. Monocultures and bi- or tri-specific mixtures of perennial grasses were compared in a 3-years field experiment under either an average or an extreme summer drought scenario in southern France. From the measured root traits, both the functional identity (mean traits of associated species) and the functional diversity (trait differences) were calculated for each mixture. Overyielding and resilience were assessed from seasonal aboveground biomass (AGB). Total Transpirable Soil Water (TTSW) was derived from monthly soil water content monitoring. Across all treatments and drought scenari, AGB productivity and resilience were highly correlated with TTSW and root depth. The functional identity of mixtures better explained overyielding and resilience responses than the functional diversity. These results provide sound agro-ecological rules to design suitable associations of species for drought-prone areas.La durabilité des prairies est menacée sous changement climatique surtout en zones méditerranéennes. Comme une biodiversité élevée est reconnue pour stabiliser les communautés végétales, cette étude a testé si des mélanges d’espèces fourragères avec des stratégies fonctionnelles racinaires contrastées pouvaient améliorer les prélèvements hydriques et la résilience des couverts sous sécheresses sévères. Des monocultures et des mélanges bi ou tri-spécifiques de graminées pérennes ont été comparés dans un essai au champ sous sécheresse estivale moyenne et extrême dans le sud de la France.Les traits racinaires ont permis de calculer l’identité fonctionnelle (traits moyens des espèces associées) et la diversité fonctionnelle (différence de traits) pour chaque mélange. Overyielding et résilience ont été estimés par des mesures de biomasses aériennes (AGB). La fraction de l’eau du sol transpirable par les plantes (TTSW) a été mesurée. Pour tous les traitements et niveaux de sécheresse, AGB et résilience sont très corrélés à TTSW et profondeur racinaire. L’identité fonctionnelle racinaire permet de mieux expliquer les réponses d’overyielding et de résilience que la diversité fonctionnelle. Ces résultats ont des implications pour la conception de mélanges fourragers adaptés aux zones sèches

Modification des traits racinaires le long d’une succession secondaire sur des talus routiers: implications dans la dynamique des communautés et la protection des sols contre l’érosion

Les traits fonctionnels des plantes varient au cours des successions secondaires végétales. Alors que certains traits ont été largement étudiés, les variations des traits racinaires au cours des successions restent relativement peu documentées. L’objectif de cette étude vise à mieux comprendre en quoi des variations de traits racinaires le long d’une succession secondaire contribuent à la dynamique de communautés végétales méditerranéennes. Pour cela, quinze communautés végétales, âgées de 0 à 69 ans, ont été repérées sur des talus en bordures de routes, dans le nord Montpelliérain. Sur cette chronoséquence, nous nous intéressons à des traits racinaires morphologiques et architecturaux des espèces dominantes, représentant 70% de l’abondance végétale. Nous faisons l’hypothèse que des traits morphologiques des racines fines (< 2 mm) permettent de mieux comprendre les modifications des stratégies d’acquisition et de conservation des ressources en nutriments et en eau. Des traits architecturaux, tels que la présence d’un pivot, de racines traçantes et/ou adventives, permettent d’étudier le rôle des racines dans l’ancrage et la capacité des espèces à coloniser le milieu en réponse aux contraintes topographiques liées à la pente des talus. Dans cette communication, nous présentons (i) la méthode retenue pour l’étude des traits racinaires morphologiques et architecturaux sur des espèces de formes de croissance diverses (herbacées, buissons, arbres) et (ii) discutons des limites et atouts de ces méthodes. Enfin, nous discutons de l’implication de ces traits racinaires dans la capacité des communautés à limiter l’érosion superficielle des talu

Monitoreo de servicios ecosistémicos en un observatorio de cafetales agroforestales. Recomendaciones para el sector cafetalero

Ocho años de estudio de la ecofisiología del café, a través de experimentación y de modelación y el monitoreo de los servicios del ecosistema (SE) en una gran finca cafetalera en Costa Rica, revelaron varias recomendaciones prácticas para los agricultores y los formuladores de políticas. El sistema de cultivo estudiado dentro de nuestro observatorio colaborativo (Coffee-Flux), corresponde a un sistema agroforestal (SAF) a base de café bajo la sombra de grandes árboles de Erythrina poeppigiana (16% de la cubierta del dosel). Una gran cantidad de SE y limitantes dependen de las propiedades locales del suelo (en este caso Andisoles), especialmente de la erosión/infiltración, el agua/carbono y la capacidad de almacenamiento de nutrientes. Por lo tanto, para la evaluación de SE, el tipo de suelo es crucial. Una densidad adecuada de árboles de sombra (bastante baja aquí por la condición de libre crecimiento), redujo la severidad de las enfermedades de las hojas con la posibilidad de reducir el uso de plaguicidas y fungicidas. Un inventario simple del área basal en el collar de las plantas de café permitió estimar la biomasa subterránea y la edad promedio de la plantación, para juzgar su valor de mercado y decidir cuándo reemplazarla. Las fincas de café probablemente estén mucho más cerca de la neutralidad de C que lo indicado en el protocolo actual de C-neutralidad, que solo considera árboles de sombra, no los cafetos ni el suelo. Se proponen evaluaciones más completas, que ncluyen árboles, café, hojarasca, suelo y raíces en el balance C del SAF. Los árboles de sombra ofrecen muchos SE si se gestionan adecuadamente en el contexto local. En comparación con las condiciones a pleno sol, los árboles de sombra pueden (i) reducir la erosión laminar en un factor de 2; (ii) aumentar la fijación de N y el % de N reciclado en el sistema, reduciendo así los requisitos de fertilizantes; (iii) reducir la severidad de enfermedades de las hojas; (iv) aumentar el secuestro de C; (v) mejorar el microclima y (vi) reducir sustancialmente los efectos del cambio climático. En nuestro estudio de caso, no se encontró ningún efecto negativo sobre el rendimiento del café

Dissecting fine root diameter distribution at the community level captures root morphological diversity

International audienceCharacterizing plant functional diversity is essential to decipher community assembly rules and ecosystem functioning. Most studies focused on above-ground traits whereas the analysis of root diversity lags far behind. We analyzed the structure of fine root (< 2 mm) diameter distribution at the community level as an indicator of root morphological diversity, and hypothesized that the shape of the distribution provide insights on root types and root exploration strategies. We tested this hypothesis along a successional gradient (6–69 year-old) with yearly mowing to better understand assembly rules regarding to belowground processes, and explored the relations between the parameters describing its modes and the vegetation composition and ecological properties of plant communities. Most communities showed a multimodal distribution, with two main modes corresponding to absorptive roots (thinner root mode) and transport roots (coarser root mode), and a third mode of lower importance corresponding to large transport roots. In early succession, the thinnest root mode was prominent, reflecting the dominance of thin absorptive roots and a low proportion of transport roots, resulting in a low root morphological diversity. As succession proceeds, the relative proportion of the second mode increased, and the proportions of the two main modes were more balanced, resulting in an increased variance and root morphological diversity. Furthermore, the first root mode (absorptive roots) became wider and shifted from very thin to thicker roots, suggesting the coexistence of various root strategies for resource exploration. Yearly mowing did not affect root diameter distribution, which may relate to the relative low mowing pressure that enabled woody species to remain, with stunted stature. Overall, our study demonstrates that the distribution of fine root diameters sheds light on root morphological diversity at the community level, and provide hints on the co-existence of root types and strategies for resource use and exploration

The root of the matter: Linking root traits and soil organic matter stabilization processes

International audienc

Soil water content dynamics

Field data obtained from soil water monitoring using capacitance moisture probes across the 12 plant communities under study throughout the 5 years of study

Mean root trait more than root trait diversity determines drought resilience in native and cultivated Mediterranean grass mixtures

International audienceGrasslands provide numerous ecosystem services but their sustainability is threatened by climate change. As plant functional diversity is expected to stabilize ecosystem functions, we tested whether mixing species with contrasting root systems could improve the resilience of Mediterranean grasslands under increasing aridity. We hypothesized that root functional identity (RFI) and diversity (RFD) respectively determines and improves soil water uptake capacity, aboveground biomass (AGB) production and resilience after drought stress (=post-stress AGB/pre-stress AGB). Monocultures, two- and three species mixtures of two groups of perennial grasses (cultivars and native species) were compared in a twin 3-years field experiment under two levels of summer drought in southern France. RFI and RFD were assessed as the mean and variance of multiple root traits (rooting depth, deep root mass fraction, root tissue density, root diameter and specific root length) measured in species monocultures. AGB and resilience were assessed from annual harvests; total transpirable soil water (TTSW) and evapotranspiration in summer (ET_sum) were assessed through the monitoring of soil water content. For both groups of species, RFI was a major predictor of TTSW and resilience, but not of AGB or ET_sum. Greater water uptake, especially from deep soil layers, increased resilience. Rooting depth distribution determined the potential depth of water uptake while root morphology influenced the precision of water uptake along the soil profile. However, RFD only marginally improved AGB production and resilience, although long-term effects of RFD should be tested. Designing artificial plant communities under water-limited conditions should therefore prioritize the maximization of rooting depth and root distribution along the soil profile. Diversifying root morphological traits associated with resource acquisition could also have a positive impact. The similarity of results between cultivars and native species suggests that agro-ecological guidelines for species assembly can be based on advances of functional ecology in natural ecosystems

Tradeoffs between functional strategies for resource-use and drought-survival in Mediterranean rangeland species

11 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables, 60 references.In environments where light is not a limiting resource such as rangelands and grasslands, there is much disagreement regarding the benefits provided by rapid light capture during the growing season and the species’ ability to withstand drought during the dry period. In this study, we selected four perennial herbaceous species with contrasting resource-use strategies (acquisitive versus conservative), which were transplanted as monocultures into PVC pots to evaluate their species-specific responses to drought. The two main strategies of drought-survival (avoidance versus tolerance) were driven by distinct underlying mechanisms that allow the plant to delay or tolerate water deficit in leaves. On the one hand, plants that produced reduced leaves with lower surface area:mass ratio (lower SLA) exhibited higher values of leaf water potential (LWP) and leaf relative water content (LRWC), which could be associated to a higher ability to delay tissue dehydration in enlarged leaves. Regarding the below-ground compartment, dehydration avoidance was promoted by prolonged elongation rates of thinner roots that allow the plant to increase water uptake and accessibility during the dry period. On the other hand, dehydration tolerance was positively related with progressive foliage senescence under water deficit, which probably favored a longer survival of meristematic basal tissues. The results presented in this study suggest the existence of a trade-off between the traits favoring rapid light-acquisition and those enhancing the ability to delay leaf dehydration. Thus, the species related most closely with a resource-acquisition strategy (Bromus erectus and Potentilla neumanniana) could be considered less efficient to delay leaf dehydration than the others (Carex humilis and Festuca christiani-bernardii), as indicated by their lower values of leaf water potential (LWP) and leaf relative water content (LRWC) under identical conditions of water deficit. Our findings support evidence that there is not a single strategy to effectively cope with drought and reveal the diversity of adaptive mechanisms among coexisting species.This study was supported by a postdoctoral-MEC contract to I.M.P.R. and by the DIVHERBE (French National Programme ECOGER) and ANR-O2LA (09-STRA-09) projects. This is a paper from GDR 2574 (“TRAITS”) of CNRS.Peer reviewe