A REVIEW ON APPLICATION OF NANOADJUVANT AS DELIVERY SYSTEM

Worldwide immunization can save millions of peoples to lives year by using the vaccines. The subunit of antigen components is manufactured which can stimulate the immune system by providing specific immunity against specific diseases. Subunit vaccines have many advantages like as high safety profile but having limited ability to provide immunogenicity. These traditional subunit vaccines activate only innate immunity, encourage cell-mediated transport of antigen to lymphoid tissues. Newly nano-adjuvants based vaccines carrier systems like liposomes, virosome, micelles, polymeric particles, protein, and peptides are developed by using various substances like viral proteins, polymer and polystyrene having immanent adjuvanticity and also provide exalted capability in manufacturing subunit vaccines. It has chromospheres substances that have various properties such as targeted, anti-damaging and caliber to lead immune reactions towards Th1 and Th2 route, which is an important feature for humoral as well as cellular immunity. The whole thing based on the carrier system, the role of nano-adjuvants, its pharmacokinetics and distribution in the body system. It has the ability to provide antigen-specific immunity to both systemic as well as mucosal by different vaccination passage. Also, the nano-adjuvants based vaccine suggested that direct targeting of antigen to improve the vaccine potency without sacrificing safety

Assessment of a Bio-inspired Artificial Wing for Micro Aerial Vehicle Based on Structural Bio-mimetics

This paper presents the structural design assessment of a bio-inspired artificial wing for flapping wing micro air vehicle based on pigeon bird. Bio-inspired ornithopters are unable to implement themselves in surveillance environment due to lack of basic bio-mimetics during conceptual and design phase. The idea of this research is to bridge this gap through assessment of structural parameters including weight, moment of inertia and feather placement leading to development of an artificial wing using actual feathers of pigeon bird and glass fiber-epoxy composite. The camber and wing structure is assessed through the fabrication of mold which is further utilized to define the shape of artificial wing. Future work includes the performance assessment of the developed wing for lift and thrust generation in an actual prototype of flapping type micro air vehicle

Lipid profile and its correlation with C-reactive protein in patients of acute myocardial infarction

Background: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, which results from occlusion of coronary artery. Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor of AMI. C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase protein, synthesized by hepatocytes in response to cytokines released into circulation by activated leukocytes and has been found to increase after AMI. The objective of the present study is to investigate lipid profile in AMI patients and correlate it with inflammatory marker i.e. CRP.Methods: The present study includes 150 AMI patients and 100 normal healthy individuals as controls. In all the cases and controls, serum lipid profile and inflammatory marker were measured by diagnostic kits supplied by ERBA.Results: The levels of lipid profile and inflammatory marker were significantly altered in the AMI cases compared to controls. We found significantly higher levels of total cholesterol, TG, LDL, VLDL, CRP and lower level of HDL in AMI compared to that of control subjects. We also found strong positive correlation of CRP with total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C and VLDL-C and significant negative correlation with HDL-C in AMI patients.Conclusions: We found alterations in the lipid profile and inflammatory marker in AMI cases; hence, all the people should undergo regular check up including lipid profile evaluation and inflammatory marker such as CRP to decrease the incidence, morbidity and mortality from the disease

Sero-prevalance of Cryptococcal Antigenemia in HIV Positive Individual having CD4 Counts

Cryptococcus neoformans is one of the foremost common opportunistic infectious agents in people living with Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). It has been reported to cause about 1 million cases of cryptococcal meningitis per year among HIV/AIDS and 600,000 deaths annually. This study was done to find the prevalence of Cryptococcal antigenemia among HIV positive individuals having CD4counts <100 cells/mm3. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the HIV Reference unit, National public health laboratory from July to December 2015. The study comprised of 99 HIV positive individuals having CD4counts <100 cells/mm3. CD4 T cell count was performed by flow cytometry (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) and Cryptococcal antigen test by Latex agglutination assay. The overall prevalence of cryptococcal antigenemia was found to be 18.2%. Of the total ninety-nine subjects enrolled in the study, 72 (72.8%) were males and 27 (27.2%) were females. The mean age of the patients was 38 years ranging from 13 to 69 years. Higher percentage of female (22.2%) showed Cryptococcal infection in our study as compared to male (16.7%). The study concludes higher prevalence of Cryptococcal antigenemia among HIV infected individuals and recommends Cryptococcal antigen screening to be made mandatory in HIV positive patients having CD4 T cells count below 100/μl

Study of aerosol optical properties in Lumbini, Nepal

The mixture of different sized particles (fine and coarse) with air composition forms aerosols. Increased economic activities, vehicles, and rapid urbanization made Lumbini one of the heavily polluted regions in Nepal. Data are extracted from AERONET websites between 2013 to 2019 with standard deviation. We are mainly focused on understanding variations in aerosol optical properties: aerosol optical depth (AOD), angstrom parameter (α and β), visibility, single-scattering albedo (SSA), refractive index (real and imaginary), and asymmetry parameter (AP) in the Lumbini region. The maximum value of AOD (675nm) in Lumbini occurred mostly during post-monsoon season (0.61 ± 0.38) whereas, the values of AOD were found to be lower during the monsoon season (0.18 ± 0.12). Most of the AOD values  are found to be greater than 0.4, indicating the higher level of pollution in the study area. There is a positive correlation between perceptible water and AOD, maximum correlation (0.4) occurs at the lowest AOD (440nm) while the minimum (0.1) at the highest AOD (1020nm). The turbidity coefficient (β) has an adverse effect on visibility. The Visibility over Lumbini was found to be highest (20 km) during monsoon. Single-scattering albedo (SSA) accretions occur at wavelengths between 440 and 675 nm, but the pattern changes from 675 to 1020 nm. All parameters were found to be distinct and seasonal fluctuations among this station are mainly due to the different aerosols availability such as biomass burning, mixed aerosols, and anthropogenic aerosols over the Lumbini site

Study of aerosol optical properties in Lumbini, Nepal

The mixture of different sized particles (fine and coarse) with air composition forms aerosols. Increased economic activities, vehicles, and rapid urbanization made Lumbini one of the heavily polluted regions in Nepal. Data are extracted from AERONET websites between 2013 to 2019 with standard deviation. We are mainly focused on understanding variations in aerosol optical properties: aerosol optical depth (AOD), angstrom parameter (α and β), visibility, single-scattering albedo (SSA), refractive index (real and imaginary), and asymmetry parameter (AP) in the Lumbini region. The maximum value of AOD (675nm) in Lumbini occurred mostly during post-monsoon season (0.61 ± 0.38) whereas, the values of AOD were found to be lower during the monsoon season (0.18 ± 0.12). Most of the AOD values  are found to be greater than 0.4, indicating the higher level of pollution in the study area. There is a positive correlation between perceptible water and AOD, maximum correlation (0.4) occurs at the lowest AOD (440nm) while the minimum (0.1) at the highest AOD (1020nm). The turbidity coefficient (β) has an adverse effect on visibility. The Visibility over Lumbini was found to be highest (20 km) during monsoon. Single-scattering albedo (SSA) accretions occur at wavelengths between 440 and 675 nm, but the pattern changes from 675 to 1020 nm. All parameters were found to be distinct and seasonal fluctuations among this station are mainly due to the different aerosols availability such as biomass burning, mixed aerosols, and anthropogenic aerosols over the Lumbini site

Sociodemographic characteristics of community eye screening participants: protocol for cross-sectional equity analyses in Botswana, India, Kenya, and Nepal

Background Attendance rates for eye clinics are low across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and exhibit marked sociodemographic inequalities. We aimed to quantify the association between a range of sociodemographic domains and attendance rates from vision screening in programmes launching in Botswana, India, Kenya and Nepal. Methods We performed a literature review of international guidance on sociodemographic data collection. Once we had identified 13 core candidate domains (age, gender, place of residence, language, ethnicity/tribe/caste, religion, marital status, parent/guardian status, place of birth, education, occupation, income, wealth) we held workshops with researchers, academics, programme implementers, and programme designers in each country to tailor the domains and response options to the national context, basing our survey development on the USAID Demographic and Health Survey model questionnaire and the RAAB7 eye health survey methodology. The draft surveys were reviewed by health economists and piloted with laypeople before being finalised, translated, and back-translated for use in Botswana, Kenya, India, and Nepal. These surveys will be used to assess the distribution of eye disease among different sociodemographic groups, and to track attendance rates between groups in four major eye screening programmes. We gather data from 3,850 people in each country and use logistic regression to identify the groups that experience the worst access to community-based eye care services in each setting. We will use a secure, password protected android-based app to gather sociodemographic information. These data will be stored using state-of-the art security measures, complying with each country’s data management legislation and UK law. Discussion This low-risk, embedded, pragmatic, observational data collection will enable eye screening programme managers to accurately identify which sociodemographic groups are facing the highest systematic barriers to accessing care at any point in time. This information will be used to inform the development of service improvements to improve equity.</ns3:p

CrypTFlow2: Practical 2-Party Secure Inference

We present CrypTFlow2, a cryptographic framework for secure inference over realistic Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) using secure 2-party computation. CrypTFlow2 protocols are both correct -- i.e., their outputs are bitwise equivalent to the cleartext execution -- and efficient -- they outperform the state-of-the-art protocols in both latency and scale. At the core of CrypTFlow2, we have new 2PC protocols for secure comparison and division, designed carefully to balance round and communication complexity for secure inference tasks. Using CrypTFlow2, we present the first secure inference over ImageNet-scale DNNs like ResNet50 and DenseNet121. These DNNs are at least an order of magnitude larger than those considered in the prior work of 2-party DNN inference. Even on the benchmarks considered by prior work, CrypTFlow2 requires an order of magnitude less communication and 20x-30x less time than the state-of-the-art

Steroid-induced Superficial Fungal Infections: A Case of Prednisone-Associated Tinea Corporis and Tinea Cruris

This case report addresses the complicated relationship between systemic corticosteroid use and the development of opportunistic fungal infections. A 39-year-old female patient, with a history of prednisolone usage, came with tinea corporis and tinea cruris. These illnesses, which are made worse by prednisolone's immunosuppressive effects, are an example of tinea incognito, a condition in which corticosteroid medication changes the clinical appearance of fungal infections. The patient's overall situation was made more difficult by her unreported fever, widespread body aches, and severe pruritus. The case emphasizes the need for a complete medical history, especially regarding medication, to identify potential iatrogenic symptoms. It highlights the importance of monitoring dermatological side effects in corticosteroid users. The co-diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder and acid reflux underscores the necessity for a comprehensive care strategy addressing both mental and physical health. The conclusion calls for patient education on corticosteroid risks and the value of multidisciplinary care for complex cases with multiple comorbidities