El caso de un inmigrante español: Iñigo Noriega laso, en el oriente del estado de México, 1867 – 1923

Iñigo Noriega compro varias haciendas, como base para iniciar la formación de su capital, y después transitar hacia el sector secundario e invertir en fábricas, minas, ferrocarril, bienes raíces y la banca. Enfatizamos en la historia biográfica, pues ofrecemos un esbozo sobre el origen, trayectoria, consolidación y ocaso. Durante su época de esplendor se nos presenta como el gran empresario de finales del siglo XIX que logra amasar una gran fortuna debido a varios factores, entre ellos: su férrea disciplina por el trabajo; el manejo personal y directo de sus negocios, es decir no tenía administrador como la mayoría de los hacendados de su época; su visión mercantilista para invertir en negocios fructíferos; su olfato para invertir en áreas de riesgo que a corto plazo le rendían ganancias pingues, llegó a amasar en 1913 la suma de $ 137, 194, 000.00, esta enorme suma explica en gran parte la influencia y poder que tenía durante aquella época. Nuestro personaje fue beneficiado con la política económica desarrollada durante el gobierno Porfirio Díaz, que prefería a la burguesía europea al darles las mejores concesiones de: minas, ferrocarriles, exención de impuestos, protección de las autoridades, entre otras

Plan de negocios para el desarrollo de un sistema de sorteos de fidelización de marcas propias

Los juegos de azar como los sorteos, en el Perú y en general en el mundo operan o manejan un modelo de negocio muy similar, esto ocurre así desde sus inicios, es decir con venta de boletos en puntos de venta especializados, ofreciendo uno o más pozos considerables a los ganadores. El plan de negocios de Wairuro, por el contrario, no propone vender boletos para los sorteos, propone “regalarlos” incluidos en la compra de un producto auspiciador de marcas propias en supermercados. El pozo o premio será un monto en efectivo acordado con el supermercado, la negociación con el comercio deberá cubrir los costos operativos por la gestión del sorteo y proveer un margen de ganancia. La oferta de valor para el supermercado será impulsar sus ventas mediante la promoción a bajo costo de los productos de sus marcas propias. Esto se logrará mediante el ofrecimiento a los consumidores de participar en un sorteo por un monto de dinero establecido, con sólo comprar un producto de la marca auspiciadora. A pedido del supermercado podrían incluirse líneas completas o incluso todo el supermercado como auspiciador. Wairuro es un modelo de promoción disruptivo y con aceptación por parte del consumidor de acuerdo al resultado de la encuesta. Lo proporcionado a los supermercados es una plataforma de promoción para sus marcas propias, lo cual no representa una exclusividad, en esencia es un servicio como el que otras agencias de marketing podrían proponer, pero con la diferenciación que se plantea en el modelo de negocio de Wairuro, es por ello que los supermercados indicados en el segmento del plan de negocios, más que competir, consumirían el servicio propuesto. Por otro lado, se puede hacer referencia al caso de Bonus el cual es un sistema transversal a todos los supermercados. Tendremos una plataforma digital 100% en nube que soporte las operaciones, ésta se encargará de lo siguiente: • Dar de alta a los consumidores interesados en participar en los sorteos basados en el cumplimiento de la Ley de Protección de Datos Personales. • Proveer de un app móvil y sitio web que permita a los consumidores registrar sus compras de productos auspiciadores para participar en los sorteos. • Plataforma virtual multimarca para promocionar los productos auspiciadores de sorteos, en donde también se informará el pozo ofrecido por la marca. • El sistema core montado en la plataforma de la nube ejecutará los sorteos de los pozos, teniendo en cuenta principalmente el cumplimiento de la normativa actual. Algunos aspectos importantes de la estrategia son: • Fidelizar a los consumidores y generar inclusión permitiéndoles participar en un sorteo de forma gratuita. • Los sorteos deben ser transparentes y expuestos al público digitalmente, poniendo énfasis en el cumplimiento de la normativa nacional relacionada a los sorteos. • Establecer una política de innovación permanente para diferenciarnos de los posibles competidores, en donde la mejora continua permita ser siempre los líderes del mercado y poner altas barreras de entrada. El cliente es el supermercado de Lima Metropolitana que busca incrementar sus ventas con promociones disruptivas que inspiren confianza al consumidor final. El consumidor final son los clientes del supermercado, como personas naturales que se encuentran en el segmento etario mayor a 18 años, de ambos sexos, aspiracionales o con necesidad de obtener dinero sin costo y con inmediatez. La oferta de Wairuro es económica para los supermercados respecto a las actuales inversiones en sistemas de promoción y marketing ofrecidas por el mercado. Wairuro es de carácter masivo y cross a varios segmentos de consumidores. Existe la posibilidad de que marcas tradicionales quieran competir con promociones que también entreguen dinero en efectivo, pero debido al hecho que gestionar una plataforma de sorteos en paralelo no es parte del core bussiness de las mismas, esto les generaría costos operativos y responsabilidades legales adicionales, las cuales Wairuro sí asumiría. Para mejorar el desempeño de las marcas, los sistemas de promociones y sorteos actuales están enfocados a esfuerzos aislados o estacionales únicamente. Desde hace décadas no se conoce una propuesta de promoción similar al que Wairuro plantea. La estrategia de marketing de cara al consumidor final debe ser masiva y por múltiples medios digitales. Del mismo modo se debe aprovechar también la cobertura y capacidad de marketing que tienen los supermercados del sector retail para consolidar la marca. Se tiene como expectativa un incremento constante en la participación en el sector retail. De acuerdo con Perú Retail, "Del estudio se desprende también que un 54% de peruanos buscará tiendas o establecimientos más económicos; en igual porcentaje está el comprar productos de consumo más económicos. Este último aspecto alcanza el 55% en Lima." (Perú Retail, 2020). Es por ello que las marcas propias pueden llegar a ser las más demandadas en el mercado, desplazando a las tradicionales. Wairuro busca dar ese impulso, respaldado en los resultados obtenidos (...), en la cual el 58% de los consumidores aceptaría cambiar de marca por participar en el premio semanal ofrecido. Al ser una propuesta disruptiva, sin precedentes nacionales o mundiales, se está considerando que puede establecer un océano azul, a donde irían migrando los negocios con expectativas de crecimiento rápido y efectivo.Trabajo de investigaciónCampus Lima Centr

Fat Distribution and Differential Effects on Metabolic Liver Fat Infiltration in Young Mexicans in Reynosa, Mexico: A Collaborative Study across the U.S.-Mexico Border

Introduction: Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a descriptive term for NAFLD (Non-alcoholic) physiopathology associated with obesity. The age of onset linked to body fat distribution is poorly studied. Therefore, we aimed to assess the body fat effect on liver fat infiltration and stiffness (LSt) mediated by insulin resistance (IR). Methods: After obtaining informed consent, five hundred freshmen from two universities in Reynosa, Mexico (UMAN & UAT) were enrolled in the study. They completed a questionnaire focused on familial cardiometabolic risk and provided anthropometric measurements. In a subset of N=200, we obtained blood samples for biochemical measurements, body fat percentage (BF%) by bioimpedance, LSt (kPa), and fat infiltration (Continued Attenuation Parameter, CAP) by elastography. We used mediation analysis with structural equation models (Stata v16.1) to determine the relationship between BMI, BF%, and abdominal obesity with IR and liver stiffness and fat infiltration. The term “-\u3e” means ‘explain’ or ‘cause’. Results: We found that AO-\u3eIR (standardized values b=0.53, p=0.005), AO-\u3eCAP (b=0.69, pIR (b=0.23, p=0.007). BMI did not have an effect on CAP or IR. Also, BMI-\u3eLS (b=0.47, p=0.05) but AO-\u3eLS was absent. Finally, there was a bidirectional relationship between LS and IR [LS-\u3eIR (b=0.18, p=0.001), and IR-\u3eLS (b=0.27, p=0.001)]. Conclusion: Our findings suggest the adipose tissue measured as AO or BMI showed different phenotypic effects on liver fat infiltration or stiffness. Visceral fat had a direct effect on IR, meanwhile, subcutaneous adipose tissue was associated with liver stiffness. Our findings suggest that early age interventions should be focused on reducing visceral fat deposition

Properties of Cephalopod Skin Ommochromes to Inhibit Free Radicals, and the Maillard Reaction and Retino-Protective Mechanisms in Cellular Models Concerning Oxidative Stress, Angiogenesis, and Inflammation

Ommochromes are pigments of invertebrates that exhibit oxidative stress protection. The aim of this study was to investigate ommochromes extracted from cephalopod's skin for their ability to inhibit age-related-macular degeneration (AMD)-related factors such as H2O2-induced and iron-dependent oxidative stress (ferroptosis and erastin), accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), as well as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 6 and interleukin 8) secretion. As cell systems, we used primary porcine retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), human retinal pigment epithelium cell line ARPE-19 and uveal melanoma cell line OMM-1. In vitro, ommochromes produced an antiglycation effect by the inhibition of fructosylation reaction. The ommochromes showed protective effects against erastin- induced cell death in ARPE-19. In addition, in long-term stimulation (7 days) ommochromes decreased constitutively secreted VEGF, as well as interleukin 6 and interleukin 8 induced by Poly I:C in primary RPE. No relevant effects were detected in OMM-1 cells. The effects are dependent on the cell system, time of exposition, and concentration. This substance is of interest for further research concerning age-related macular degeneration

Neutralizing anti-RBD fraction for SARS-CoV-2 is associated with the interaction waist circumference and sex. An ESFUERSO preliminary report on university students

In a previous study we reported that 25% of college students had a family history of type 2 diabetes (T2D), and 39% of hypertension. Interestingly, between 17 to 47% reported not knowing about T2D or hypertension, neither the existing obesity-metabolic problems (ESFUERSO study). The COVID-19 pandemic forced confinement and modifications in food intake, physical activity, and psychological stress. This study aimed to analyze if the immune Ig-G anti-RBD (protective epitope in S protein) response associated with type of vaccination, metabolic risk, perceived stress, and history of COVID-19 contacts. We included 116 students at the 3th year of follow up in the ESFUERSO cohort at Reynosa. Mean age 21.4 (SD 1.04) years old, BMI 28 (6.6), females 70% (81/116). The serum concentration of Ig-G anti-RGB measured by ELISA adjusted by sex, age, body fat percentage, and BMI was analyzed. Researchers performed a multiple regression analysis with Stata V17.0. We found that 70% of the students had a family history of diabetes, hypertension, and/or obesity at baseline. Only 5 (4%) students did not have any vaccine at the time of the study, 102 (88%) were vaccinated with Moderna or Pfizer and 9 (8%) with other vaccines (Cansino, Sinovac). The prevalence of positive anti-RBD was 91%. The body fat percentage interacted with sex (p=0.034) explaining the serum concentration of anti-RBD decreased as adiposity increases in men, but increased in women. The interaction remained is spite of type of vaccination. We found no differences among metabolic risks for food consumption, distress, uncertainty, lack of sleep, sadness, and anxiety were associated with metabolic problems. Our model predicts neutralizing anti-RBD had multiplicative interaction by sex and body fat percentage (increases in females and decreases in males), with no effects on stress score or food consumption

Planeación, gobernanza y sustentabilidad Retos y desafíos desde el enfoque territorial

Frente a la compleja realidad actual, resulta ineludible el desarrollo de la investigación científica de los fenómenos y procesos urbanos, territoriales y ambientales, que contribuya a su comprensión y la construcción de alternativas de solución a los retos y desafíos vigentes. En este contexto, el abordaje de las ciudades y regiones metropolitanas, el ordenamiento del territorio y la ocupación del espacio, así como la relación sociedad-naturaleza y la complejidad ambiental, precisa la generación de metodologías y procesos de investigación multi e inter disciplinarios que contribuyan a la comprensión de los procesos socioterritoriales, el mejoramiento de las condiciones de vida y la conservación ambiental.Programa de Fortalecimiento de la Calidad Educativa PFCE-2016 proyecto K0313101

Role of age and comorbidities in mortality of patients with infective endocarditis

[Purpose]: The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of patients with IE in three groups of age and to assess the ability of age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) to predict mortality. [Methods]: Prospective cohort study of all patients with IE included in the GAMES Spanish database between 2008 and 2015.Patients were stratified into three age groups:<65 years,65 to 80 years,and ≥ 80 years.The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was calculated to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of the CCI to predict mortality risk. [Results]: A total of 3120 patients with IE (1327 < 65 years;1291 65-80 years;502 ≥ 80 years) were enrolled.Fever and heart failure were the most common presentations of IE, with no differences among age groups.Patients ≥80 years who underwent surgery were significantly lower compared with other age groups (14.3%,65 years; 20.5%,65-79 years; 31.3%,≥80 years). In-hospital mortality was lower in the <65-year group (20.3%,<65 years;30.1%,65-79 years;34.7%,≥80 years;p < 0.001) as well as 1-year mortality (3.2%, <65 years; 5.5%, 65-80 years;7.6%,≥80 years; p = 0.003).Independent predictors of mortality were age ≥ 80 years (hazard ratio [HR]:2.78;95% confidence interval [CI]:2.32–3.34), CCI ≥ 3 (HR:1.62; 95% CI:1.39–1.88),and non-performed surgery (HR:1.64;95% CI:11.16–1.58).When the three age groups were compared,the AUROC curve for CCI was significantly larger for patients aged <65 years(p < 0.001) for both in-hospital and 1-year mortality. [Conclusion]: There were no differences in the clinical presentation of IE between the groups. Age ≥ 80 years, high comorbidity (measured by CCI),and non-performance of surgery were independent predictors of mortality in patients with IE.CCI could help to identify those patients with IE and surgical indication who present a lower risk of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after surgery, especially in the <65-year group

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

XVI International Congress of Control Electronics and Telecommunications: "Techno-scientific considerations for a post-pandemic world intensive in knowledge, innovation and sustainable local development"

Este título, sugestivo por los impactos durante la situación de la Covid 19 en el mundo, y que en Colombia lastimosamente han sido muy críticos, permiten asumir la obligada superación de tensiones sociales, políticas, y económicas; pero sobre todo científicas y tecnológicas. Inicialmente, esto supone la existencia de una capacidad de la sociedad colombiana por recuperar su estado inicial después de que haya cesado la perturbación a la que fue sometida por la catastrófica pandemia, y superar ese anterior estado de cosas ya que se encontraban -y aún se encuentran- muchos problemas locales mal resueltos, medianamente resueltos, y muchos sin resolver: es decir, habrá que rediseñar y fortalecer una probada resiliencia social existente - producto del prolongado conflicto social colombiano superado parcialmente por un proceso de paz exitoso - desde la tecnociencia local; como lo indicaba Markus Brunnermeier - economista alemán y catedrático de economía de la Universidad de Princeton- en su libro The Resilient Society…La cuestión no es preveerlo todo sino poder reaccionar…aprender a recuperarse rápido.This title, suggestive of the impacts during the Covid 19 situation in the world, and which have unfortunately been very critical in Colombia, allows us to assume the obligatory overcoming of social, political, and economic tensions; but above all scientific and technological. Initially, this supposes the existence of a capacity of Colombian society to recover its initial state after the disturbance to which it was subjected by the catastrophic pandemic has ceased, and to overcome that previous state of affairs since it was found -and still is find - many local problems poorly resolved, moderately resolved, and many unresolved: that is, an existing social resilience test will have to be redesigned and strengthened - product of the prolonged Colombian social conflict partially overcome by a successful peace process - from local technoscience; As Markus Brunnermeier - German economist and professor of economics at Princeton University - indicates in his book The Resilient Society...The question is not to foresee everything but to be able to react...learn to recover quickly.Bogot