Determinación de la intensidad y el gasto calórico de la actividad física durante el recreo escolar en niños y niñas de primaria

La obesidad infantil y el sobrepeso son un problema mundial de salud pública. La actividad física (AF) durante el recreo escolar puede ayudar a disminuir este problema. Por ello, el objetivo principal del estudio fue conocer el gasto calórico y la intensidad de las actividades físicas que se realizan durante el tiempo de recreo escolar en los niños y las niñas de primaria. Participaron 212 alumnos de nivel primaria de 4, 5 y 6 año (110 niños y 102 niñas) de diferentes escuelas de Ciudad Juárez (Chihuahua, México). El tiempo, la cantidad y la intensidad de la AF durante el recreo se registró por acelerometría. Se registraron además el peso, la estatura, la presión arterial y se calculó el índice de masa corporal (IMC). La capacidad aerobia se estimó por medio del test de course navette. Los resultados mostraron que el IMC promedio de 19.8 de los niños se encuentra en el rango de sobrepeso, el IMC promedio de las niñas de 19.5 se encuentra en la clasificación de normal. El consumo de oxígeno máximo fue diferente entre los grupos, mayor en los niños, pero ambos se encuentran dentro de los parámetros saludables. Las niñas y los niños tienen afinidad por actividades de distinta intensidad durante el recreo, mayor porcentaje de tiempo de AF ligera en niñas y mayor porcentaje de tiempo de AF moderada en niños. A pesar de ello, el gasto calórico en el recreo no presentó diferencia significativa entre los niños y niñasChildhood obesity and overweight are a global public health problem. Physical activity (PA) during school recess can help decrease this problem. Therefore, the main objective of the study was to know caloric use and the intensity of the physical activities that are carried out during the school recess in primary school children. 212 primary students of 4, 5 and 6 years (110 boys and 102 girls) from different schools of Ciudad Juárez (Chihuahua, Mexico) participated. Time, quantity and intensity of PA during the recess was recorded by accelerometry. Weight, height and blood pressure was also recorded and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated. The aerobic capacity was estimated through the course navette test. The results showed that the average BMI of 19.8 boys were in the range of overweight, the average BMI of 19.5 girls were in the normal classification. The maximum oxygen consumption was different between the groups, higher in the boys, but both are within the health parameters. Boys and girls have affinity for activities of different intensity during the recess, girls have a higher percentage of light PA time and boys have a higher percentage of moderate PA time. In spite of this the caloric expenditure during the recess did not show a significative difference between boys and girls

Body Shape, Image, and Composition as Predictors of Athlete’s Performance

Body shape, image, and composition are three different but related concepts used to describe people. Body shape, also known as somatotype, represents the tangible body, which can be externally observed and measured without destroying or hurting it. On the contrary, body image represents the subjective and intangible human nature, a construct that we try to define by applying validated scientific tools—a set of dimensions easily affected by psychological perception. Instead, body composition represents the physical parts grouped into similar compartments. Due to the fact that it cannot be observed or measured with the naked eye, and in order to reduce measurement error, we try to measure them with the highest and most accurate available technology. Shape, image, and composition affect sport?s performance. Sports literature mentions, sometimes interchangeably, form, image, and body composition. So when we refer to them we have to distinguish them. Social, political, economic, cultural, educational, and genetic factors influence them. Technological advances in determining the shape and composition are reliable, but not the ones for body image, which needs further development. In this paper, the interrelation of these three aspects is described, with health and sport?s ambit indicators

The Respiratory Exchange Ratio is Associated with Fitness Indicators Both in Trained and Untrained Men: A Possible Application for People with Reduced Exercise Tolerance

Background The respiratory exchange ratio (RER) indirectly shows the muscle's oxidative capacity to get energy. Sedentarism, exercise and physically active lifestyles modify it. For that reason, this study evaluates the associations between RER during sub-maximum exercise and other well established fitness indicators (body fat, maximum heart rate, maximum O 2 uptake, workload, and lactate threshold), in physically active trained and untrained men. Methods The RER, O 2 uptake and blood lactate were measured in eight endurance trained and eight untrained men (age, 22.9 ± 4.5 vs. 21.9 ± 2.8 years; body mass, 67.1 ± 5.4 vs. 72.2 ± 7.7 kg; body fat, 10.6 ± 2.4% vs. 16.6 ± 3.8% and maximum O2 uptake, 68.9 ± 6.3 vs. 51.6 ± 5.8 ml · kg −1 · min −1 ), during maximum exercise test and during three different sub-maximum exercises at fixed workload: below, within or above the lactate threshold. Results Endurance trained men presented higher O 2 uptake, lower blood lactate concentrations and lower RER values than those in untrained men at the three similar relative workloads. Even though with these differences in RER, a strong association (p < 0.05) of RER during sub-maximum exercise with the other well established fitness indicators was observed, and both maximum O 2 uptake and lactate threshold determined more than 57% of its variance (p < 0.05). Conclusions These data demonstrate that RER measurement under sub-maximum exercise conditions was well correlated with other established physical fitness indicators, despite training condition. Furthermore, the results suggest that RER could help obtain an easy approach of fitness status under low exercise intensity and could be utilized in subjects with reduced exercise tolerance

Transient cardiac dysfunction but elevated cardiac and kidney biomarkers 24 h following an ultra-distance running event in Mexican Tarahumara.

BACKGROUND: The Mexican Tarahumara are accustomed to running ultra-distance races. No data exist on the acute physiological changes following ultra-distance running and physiological-biomarker associations in this population. Thus, we aimed to investigate the acute impact (≤ 24 h) on functional and biochemical changes of the cardiac muscle and biochemical changes associated with kidney function following a 63-km ultra-distance race with an altitude difference of 1800 m in Mexican Tarahumara athletes. METHODS: Ten Tarahumara male athletes (mean ± SD age = 29.9 ± 6.6 years) volunteered to participate in the study. VO2max was assessed by a sub-maximal step test individually calibrated combining heart rate and accelerometry. Standard transthoracic echocardiography methodology and venipuncture blood tests were carried out at four time points: pre-race, immediately post-race, 6 h, and 24 h post-race. RESULTS: Estimated mean VO2max was 54.5 (± 8.8) mL O2 min-1 kg-1 and average physiological activity intensity was 746 (± 143) J min-1 kg -1 (~ 11.5 METs). When compared to pre-race values, significant changes in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and LV end-diastolic volume (- 15%, p < 0.001 for both parameters), cardiac output (39%, p < 0.001), and maximal longitudinal velocity (- 13%, p < 0.009) were seen post-race with LVEF also being decreased at < 6 h post-race (- 8%, p < 0.014). Plasma biomarkers mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide, copeptin-ultra sensitive, and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T remained significantly elevated at 24 h post-race, and the two latter were inversely associated with LVEF (p < 0.04). Kidney dysfunction was indicated by increased post-race copeptin-ultra sensitive. CONCLUSIONS: The athletes participating in this study had acute transient cardiac dysfunction as assessed by echocardiography but elevated cardiac and kidney biomarkers at 24 h following a 63-km race with extreme altitude variation

Reflections Magazine of the Faculty of Education. Volume 1 No. 1 June 1989

Conmotivo de los:20 Años de la UNAB quisimos invitar a participar en nuestra revista al vicerrector Académico de la lnstitución. Sobre la Apertura de la Educación Superior en Colombia, versa su escrito, el cual es fruto de sus reflexiones desde la teoría y la práctica educativa, ya como docente, ya como esfudiante del Programa de Maestría en Dirección Universitaria que adelanta en UNIANDES. Finalmente agradecemos las comunicaciones recibidas de todas aquellas instituciones de Educación Superior a las cuales hicimos llegar los dos anteriores números de esta publicación.Reflexión sobre los objetivos en Educación- -La-Integración-entre la instiftución—prees colar y la familia: Necesidad fundamen tal para la educación del niño preescolar. -La Formación de la Afectividad en el preescolar. - Apertura en la Educación Superior en Colombia. La Difusión del conocimiento psicológico. -EXPERIENCIAS PEDAGOGICAS.- CULTURALES Y EVENTOS. -Del Método Genético - Experimental en la investigación Sobre ‘’Lenguaje y Pensamiento’’. - El Encantodela Doncella’’. (Cuento).On the occasion of the 20th Anniversary of UNAB, we wanted to invite the Institution's Academic Vice Chancellor to participate in our magazine. On the Opening of Higher Education in Colombia, sees his writing, which is the result of his reflections from educational theory and practice, already as a teacher, and as a student of the Master's Program in University Management that he advances at UNIANDES. Finally, we thank the communications received from all those Higher Education institutions to which we sent the two previous issues of this publication

Extended gamma-ray sources around pulsars constrain the origin of the positron flux at Earth

The unexpectedly high flux of cosmic ray positrons detected at Earth may originate from nearby astrophysical sources, dark matter, or unknown processes of cosmic-ray secondary production. We report the detection, using the HighAltitude Water Cherenkov Observatory (HAWC), of extended tera-electron volt gamma-ray emission coincident with the locations of two nearby middle-aged pulsars (Geminga and PSR B0656+14). The HAWC observations demonstrate that these pulsars are indeed local sources of accelerated leptons, but the measured tera-electron volt emission profile constrains the diffusion of particles away from these sources to be much slower than previously assumed. We demonstrate that the leptons emitted by these objects are therefore unlikely to be the origin of the excess positrons, which may have a more exotic origin.Comment: 16 pages (including supplementary material), 5 figure

VAMOS: a Pathfinder for the HAWC Gamma-Ray Observatory

VAMOS was a prototype detector built in 2011 at an altitude of 4100m a.s.l. in the state of Puebla, Mexico. The aim of VAMOS was to finalize the design, construction techniques and data acquisition system of the HAWC observatory. HAWC is an air-shower array currently under construction at the same site of VAMOS with the purpose to study the TeV sky. The VAMOS setup included six water Cherenkov detectors and two different data acquisition systems. It was in operation between October 2011 and May 2012 with an average live time of 30%. Besides the scientific verification purposes, the eight months of data were used to obtain the results presented in this paper: the detector response to the Forbush decrease of March 2012, and the analysis of possible emission, at energies above 30 GeV, for long gamma-ray bursts GRB111016B and GRB120328B.Comment: Accepted for pubblication in Astroparticle Physics Journal (20 pages, 10 figures). Corresponding authors: A.Marinelli and D.Zaboro

A First Search for coincident Gravitational Waves and High Energy Neutrinos using LIGO, Virgo and ANTARES data from 2007

We present the results of the first search for gravitational wave bursts associated with high energy neutrinos. Together, these messengers could reveal new, hidden sources that are not observed by conventional photon astronomy, particularly at high energy. Our search uses neutrinos detected by the underwater neutrino telescope ANTARES in its 5 line configuration during the period January - September 2007, which coincided with the fifth and first science runs of LIGO and Virgo, respectively. The LIGO-Virgo data were analysed for candidate gravitational-wave signals coincident in time and direction with the neutrino events. No significant coincident events were observed. We place limits on the density of joint high energy neutrino - gravitational wave emission events in the local universe, and compare them with densities of merger and core-collapse events.Comment: 19 pages, 8 figures, science summary page at http://www.ligo.org/science/Publication-S5LV_ANTARES/index.php. Public access area to figures, tables at https://dcc.ligo.org/cgi-bin/DocDB/ShowDocument?docid=p120000

Single hadron response measurement and calorimeter jet energy scale uncertainty with the ATLAS detector at the LHC

The uncertainty on the calorimeter energy response to jets of particles is derived for the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). First, the calorimeter response to single isolated charged hadrons is measured and compared to the Monte Carlo simulation using proton-proton collisions at centre-of-mass energies of sqrt(s) = 900 GeV and 7 TeV collected during 2009 and 2010. Then, using the decay of K_s and Lambda particles, the calorimeter response to specific types of particles (positively and negatively charged pions, protons, and anti-protons) is measured and compared to the Monte Carlo predictions. Finally, the jet energy scale uncertainty is determined by propagating the response uncertainty for single charged and neutral particles to jets. The response uncertainty is 2-5% for central isolated hadrons and 1-3% for the final calorimeter jet energy scale.Comment: 24 pages plus author list (36 pages total), 23 figures, 1 table, submitted to European Physical Journal