Kuljetusprobleema valtakunnallisena kysymyksenä sodan ja rauhan aikana

Artikkelissa tarkastellaan kuljetuskysymystä talvi- ja jatkosodan kokemusten perusteella. Tätä varten artikkelissa esitellään sodista saatuja kokemuksia, tilannetta ennen sotia ja sotien jälkeistä aikaa ennen vuotta 1952. Artikkelin jäsentelyn osakokonaisuuksia ovat sotien aika, sotien jälkeiseen jälleenrakentamisen aikajakso sekä rauhan aika. Artikkelissa käsitellään valmisteluja ennen talvi- ja jatkosotaa. Artikkeli painottuu maantie- ja rautatiekuljetuksiin. "Asioita näin jälkikäteen tarkasteltaessa on todettava, ettei noina aikoina ollut täysin selvää käsitystä siitä, kuinka paljon kuljetuksi taisteleva armeija meidän oloissamme tulisi tarvitsemaan (...)." Sotien ajalta todetaan, että materiaali ja välineistö ei aiheuttanut eniten ongelmia, vaan suurimman ongelman järjestelyissä muodosti vihollisen ehdoton ilmaylivoima. Huoltopäällikön esikunnan tehtäviä käsiteltäessä, otetaan kantaa kotirintaman kuljetuksiin ja niiden sujuvuuteen. Jälleenrakentamisen ajanjaksolla (1945 - 48) tarkastellaan maantie- ja rautatiekaluston riittävyyttä ja soveltuvuutta tehtäviin, ottaen huomioon palautustavaroiden ja lisääntyvien sotakorvausten asettamat rasitteet. Artikkeliin sisältyy seikkaperäisiä taulukoita ja grafiikoita kuljetuskalustosta ja kuljetusmääristä. Artikkeli päättyy neljään johtopäätökseen, joissa on kiteytetty kokemuksista saadut opit

Synthesis, Molecular Characterization and Physical Behavior of Novel Polymers and Polymer Blends: Poly(aryl Ether)sulfones, Labeled Poly(gamma-Stearyl-Alpha, L-Glutamate) and Poly(gamma-Stearyl-Alpha, L-Glutamate)/Polyethylene Blends.

The structures of a number of novel poly(aryl ether) sulfones (nitro, aminomethyl, methyl and ethyl derivatives), which have applications as separation membranes, were determined unequivocally for the first time by applying sophisticated two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods. The degree of substitution (DS) was found to vary among the products from 0.1 percent to about 2 percent (DS: nitro, 2.0; amino, 0.11; aminomethyl, 0.76; methyl, 2.12; ethyl, 2.05). Poly($\gamma$-stearyl-$\alpha$,L-glutamate), PSLG, is a fuzzy rod polymer composed of a central backbone that can exist as an $\alpha$-helix. This backbone, a polypeptide, is hydrophilic. The stearyl side chains (the fuzzy part of the molecule) are hydrocarbon segments of length C\sb{18}. These are hydrophobic, so the rigid-rod is soluble in hydrocarbon solvents, an unusual behavior for such systems. The purpose of this thesis was to look for interactions between the rigid-rod and a random coil polymer, polyethylene (PE). Deuterium NMR data, on samples containing no more than 5 percent deuterated polyethylene (DPE), indicated a small interaction between the two polymers. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) identified a transition not found in either blend component, occurring at about 75\sp\circC on cooling and at about 95\sp\circC on heating. Its detection is dependent on the rate of temperature change and occurs near the point where a rapid change in crystallinity is seen in the deuterium NMR. The DSC and NMR work detect a small interaction between the rods and coils. Polarized light and epifluorescence microscopy showed that at low levels of PE (10 percent range), the blends components behave independently. At high PE levels (180 percent), the micrographs show the composites are more than a sum of the parts. There is formation of ordered domains of PSLG, possibly initiated by an interfacial interaction with the overwhelming PE component. The use of dye-labeled PSLG confirmed the identification of these ordered regions as PSLG. For the first time, diffusion of pure PSLG was studied using the fluorescence photobleaching recovery experiment. The results indicated diffusion began near the side-chain melting point of 50\sp\circC

Osteoarthritis of the knee after injury to the anterior cruciate ligament or meniscus: the influence of time and age

SummaryThe degree of cartilage changes by arthroscopic and radiologic examination was evaluated in a retrospective, cross-sectional study of 1012 patients with knee complaints at different times after knee injury. Patients were classified by age, sex, trauma date and type of injury. The condition of the cartilage was graded on a 1–10 scale based on findings at arthroscopy and on weight-bearing radiographs. Patients with injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (isolated or combined with injury to meniscus or collateral ligaments) showed the first radiologic signs (joint space narrowing) of osteoarthritis (OA) at an average age of about 40 years, while patients with isolated meniscus injury had the same stage of disease at an average age of about 50 years. Both study groups displayed the first radiologic signs of OA on average about 10 years after the injury and showed increasingly serious arthroscopic and radiologic signs of joint damage with increased time between injury and examination. For patients who sustained an isolated meniscus injury between the ages of 17 and 30, the average time until development of radiologic signs of OA was about 15 years, while for those who had the same injury over the age of 30, the corresponding time interval was only about 5 years. We conclude from this that knee OA becomes increasingly severe with increased time between joint injury and examination. OA changes appear sooner in older patients with knee injury than in the young

Investigating harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) population differentiation using RAD-tag genotyping by sequencing

The population status of the harbor porpoise ( Phocoena phocoena ) in the Baltic Sea and adjacent regions is still not fully resolved. Here, we present a pilot study using the double digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD-seq) genotyping- by -sequencing method on specimens from the Baltic Sea, eastern North Sea, Spain and the Black Sea. From a single Illumina lane and a set of 49 individuals, w e obtained around 6000 SNPs. We used these markers to estimate population structure and differentiation, and identified splits between porpoises from the North Sea and the Baltic, and within regions in the Baltic Sea (between the Belt Sea and the Inner Baltic Sea). The SNP analysis confirms population structure elucidated by previous mtDNA/microsatellite studies. We demonstrate the feasibility of SNP analysis on opportunistically sampled cetacean samples, with varying DNA quality, for population diversity and divergence analysis

Bleeding and thrombotic risk in pregnant women with Fontan physiology

Background/objectives Pregnancy may potentiate the inherent hypercoagulability of the Fontan circulation, thereby amplifying adverse events. This study sought to evaluate thrombosis and bleeding risk in pregnant women with a Fontan.  Methods We performed a retrospective observational cohort study across 13 international centres and recorded data on thrombotic and bleeding events, antithrombotic therapies and pre-pregnancy thrombotic risk factors.  Results We analysed 84 women with Fontan physiology undergoing 108 pregnancies, average gestation 33 +/- 5 weeks. The most common antithrombotic therapy in pregnancy was aspirin (ASA, 47 pregnancies (43.5%)). Heparin (unfractionated (UFH) or low molecular weight (LMWH)) was prescribed in 32 pregnancies (30%) and vitamin K antagonist (VKA) in 10 pregnancies (9%). Three pregnancies were complicated by thrombotic events (2.8%). Thirty-eight pregnancies (35%) were complicated by bleeding, of which 5 (13%) were severe. Most bleeds were obstetric, occurring antepartum (45%) and postpartum (42%). The use of therapeutic heparin (OR 15.6, 95% CI 1.88 to 129, p=0.006), VKA (OR 11.7, 95% CI 1.06 to 130, p=0.032) or any combination of anticoagulation medication (OR 13.0, 95% CI 1.13 to 150, p=0.032) were significantly associated with bleeding events, while ASA (OR 5.41, 95% CI 0.73 to 40.4, p=0.067) and prophylactic heparin were not (OR 4.68, 95% CI 0.488 to 44.9, p=0.096). Conclusions Current antithrombotic strategies appear effective at attenuating thrombotic risk in pregnant women with a Fontan. However, this comes with high (>30%) bleeding risk, of which 13% are life threatening. Achieving haemostatic balance is challenging in pregnant women with a Fontan, necessitating individualised risk-adjusted counselling and therapeutic approaches that are monitored during the course of pregnancy

Kinesiophobia in patients with non-traumatic arm, neck and shoulder complaints: a prospective cohort study in general practice

BACKGROUND: Complaints of arm, neck and shoulder are common in Western societies. Of those consulting a general practitioner (GP) with non-traumatic arm, neck or shoulder complaints, about 50% do not recover within 6 months.Kinesiophobia (also known as fear of movement/(re)injury) may also play a role in these complaints, as it may lead to avoidance behaviour resulting in hypervigilance to bodily sensations, followed by disability, disuse and depression. However, in relation to arm, neck and shoulder complaints little is known about kinesiophobia and its associated variables.Therefore this study aimed to: describe the degree of kinesiophobia in patients with non-traumatic complaints of arm, neck and shoulder in general practice; to determine whether mean scores of kinesiophobia change over time in non-recovered patients; and to evaluate variables associated with kinesiophobia at baseline. METHODS: In this prospective cohort study set in general practice, consulters with a first or new episode of non-traumatic arm, neck or shoulder complaints (aged 18-64 years) entered the cohort. Baseline data were collected on kinesiophobia using the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, the 13-item adjusted version: TSK-AV, and on patient-, complaint-, and psychosocial variables using self-administered questionnaires. The mean TSK-AV score was calculated. In non-recovered patients the follow-up TSK-AV scores at 6 and 12 months were analyzed with the general linear mixed model. Variables associated with kinesiophobia at baseline were evaluated using multivariate linear regression analyses. RESULTS: The mean TSK-AV score at baseline was 24.8 [SD: 6.2]. Among non-recovered patients the mean TSK-AV score at baseline was 26.1 [SD: 6.6], which remained unchanged over 12- months follow-up period. The strongest associations with kinesiophobia were catastrophizing, disability, and comorbidity of musculoskeletal complaints. Additionally, having a shoulder complaint, low social support, high somatization and high distress contributed to the kinesiophobia score. CONCLUSION: The mean TSK-AV score in our population seems comparable to those in other populations in primary care.In patients who did not recover during the 12- month follow-up, the degree of kinesiophobia remained unchanged during this time period.The variables associated with kinesiophobia at baseline appear to be in line with the fear-avoidance model

Barriers of mental health treatment utilization among first-year college students: First cross-national results from the WHO World Mental Health International College Student Initiative.

BACKGROUND: Although mental disorders and suicidal thoughts-behaviors (suicidal thoughts and behaviors) are common among university students, the majority of students with these problems remain untreated. It is unclear what the barriers are to these students seeking treatment. AIMS: The aim of this study is to examine the barriers to future help-seeking and the associations of clinical characteristics with these barriers in a cross-national sample of first-year college students. METHOD: As part of the World Mental Health International College Student (WMH-ICS) initiative, web-based self-report surveys were obtained from 13,984 first-year students in eight countries across the world. Clinical characteristics examined included screens for common mental disorders and reports about suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Multivariate regression models adjusted for socio-demographic, college-, and treatment-related variables were used to examine correlates of help-seeking intention and barriers to seeking treatment. RESULTS: Only 24.6% of students reported that they would definitely seek treatment if they had a future emotional problem. The most commonly reported reasons not to seek treatment among students who failed to report that they would definitely seek help were the preference to handle the problem alone (56.4%) and wanting to talk with friends or relatives instead (48.0%). Preference to handle the problem alone and feeling too embarrassed were also associated with significantly reduced odds of having at least some intention to seek help among students who failed to report that they would definitely seek help. Having 12-month major depression, alcohol use disorder, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors were also associated with significantly reduced reported odds of the latter outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of first-year college students in the WMH-ICS surveys report that they would be hesitant to seek help in case of future emotional problems. Attitudinal barriers and not structural barriers were found to be the most important reported reasons for this hesitation. Experimental research is needed to determine whether intention to seek help and, more importantly, actual help-seeking behavior could be increased with the extent to which intervention strategies need to be tailored to particular student characteristics. Given that the preference to handle problems alone and stigma and appear to be critical, there could be value in determining if internet-based psychological treatments, which can be accessed privately and are often build as self-help approaches, would be more acceptable than other types of treatments to student who report hesitation about seeking treatment.status: publishe

Mitochondrial Control Region and microsatellite analyses on harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) unravel population differentiation in the Baltic Sea and adjacent waters

The population status of the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in the Baltic area has been a continuous matter of debate. Here we present the by far most comprehensive genetic population structure assessment to date for this region, both with regard to geographic coverage and sample size: 497 porpoise samples from North Sea, Skagerrak, Kattegat, Belt Sea, and Inner Baltic Sea were sequenced at the mitochondrial Control Region and 305 of these specimens were typed at 15 polymorphic microsatellite loci. Samples were stratified according to sample type (stranding vs. by-caught), sex, and season (breeding vs. non-breeding season). Our data provide ample evidence for a population split between the Skagerrak and the Belt Sea, with a transition zone in the Kattegat area. Among other measures, this was particularly visible in significant frequency shifts of the most abundant mitochondrial haplotypes. A particular haplotype almost absent in the North Sea was the most abundant in Belt Sea and Inner Baltic Sea. Microsatellites yielded a similar pattern (i.e., turnover in occurrence of clusters identified by STRUCTURE). Moreover, a highly significant association between microsatellite assignment and unlinked mitochondrial haplotypes further indicates a split between North Sea and Baltic porpoises. For the Inner Baltic Sea, we consistently recovered a small, but significant separation from the Belt Sea population. Despite recent arguments that separation should exceed a predefined threshold before populations shall be managed separately, we argue in favour of precautionary acknowledging the Inner Baltic porpoises as a separate management unit, which should receive particular attention, as it is threatened by various factors, in particular local fishery measures. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009