ESTADO NUTRICIONAL E CONSUMO ALIMENTAR DE IDOSAS ATIVAS E SEDENTÁRIAS DO PROGRAMA DE EXTENSÂO UCS SÊNIOR

Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar o estado nutricional, o consumo alimentar e o nível de atividade física de idosas ativas e sedentárias do programa de extensão UCS Sênior. Estudo transversal em que a amostra foi composta por 86 mulheres com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos, participantes do Projeto Nutrição e Envelhecimento. As variáveis analisadas foram: relato de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis; prática de atividade física; massa corporal; estatura; índice de massa corporal; e perímetro da cintura. Em relação ao consumo alimentar ehídrico, avaliou-se: consumo energético, carboidrato, proteína, lipídio, fibra, ingestão de água e líquidos. A maioria das idosas apresentou índice de massa corporal elevado (54,7%) e perímetro da cintura (44,2%) em risco para doenças cardiovasculares. A dislipidemia foi a doença mais relatada, sendo mais prevalente em idosas que praticam exercício físico moderado do que nas sedentárias (p=0,022). Não houve diferença estatística entre consumo alimentar e ingestão hídrica com a prática de atividade física nas idosas ativas. A presença de hipertensão foi menor nas idosas ativas, em relação às consideradas sedentárias (p=0,038). Considerando os resultados deste estudo, torna-se necessário haver informações sobre educação nutricional e alimentar de forma contínua, especialmente para adequar a ingestão hídrica e de calorias, possibilitando comprometimento na saúde do idoso. Faz-se necessário estimular a prática de exercício físico regular para a prevenção de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis associadas ao processo de envelhecimento

Fetal and neonatal levels of omega-3 : effects on neurodevelopment, nutrition, and growth

Nutrition in pregnancy, during lactation, childhood, and later stages has a fundamental influence on overall development. There is a growing research interest on the role of key dietary nutrients in fetal health. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFAs) play an important role in brain development and function. Evidence from animal models of dietary n-3 LCPUFAs deficiency suggests that these fatty acids promote early brain development and regulate behavioral and neurochemical aspects related to mood disorders (stress responses, depression, and aggression and growth, memory, and cognitive functions). Preclinical and clinical studies suggest the role of n-3 LCPUFAs on neurodevelopment and growth. n-3 LCPUFAs may be an effective adjunctive factor for neural development, growth, and cognitive development, but further large-scale, well-controlled trials and preclinical studies are needed to examine its clinical mechanisms and possible benefits. The present paper discusses the use of n-3 LCPUFAs during different developmental stages and the investigation of different sources of consumption. The paper summarizes the role of n-3 LCPUFAs levels during critical periods and their effects on the children’s neurodevelopment, nutrition, and growth

Eating and nutritional factors associated with the habit of watching TV among private school children

Introdução: O hábito de assistir televisão foi associado à ocorrência de excesso de peso em crianças. Objetivo: avaliar a relação entre televisão, estado nutricional e consumo alimentar de crianças entre 6 e 10 anos de idade, de uma escola particular de Bento Gonçalves/RS. Métodos: Inicialmente aplicou-se um questionário para obtenção dos dados alimentares, demográficos e horas de televisão. Também foram obtidas as medidas de peso, estatura e circunferência da cintura para classificação do estado nutricional. Os indivíduos foram classificados em dois grupos, conforme horas em frente à televisão (< 4 horas/dia e ≥ 4 horas/dia) e comparados quanto às variáveis demográficas, alimentares e antropométricas. Resultados: Dos participantes, 78,7% foram classificados com quatro ou mais horas de televisão diárias, 42,6% com excesso de peso e 7,4% com excesso de adiposidade abdominal. Conclusão: Na comparação das categorias de horas de televisão, não se observou diferença entre os grupos e as variáveis analisadas. Porém, mesmo sem diferenças, observaram-se frequências de excesso de peso e adiposidade abdominal superiores nas crianças que assistiam à televisão ≥ 4 horas quando comparadas às crianças que assistem < 4 horas (87,5% vs. 12,5%; 100% vs. 0%; respectivamente). No presente estudo, as que assistiam a ≥ 4 horas de televisão por dia não estiveram associadas a variáveis alimentares, demográficas e antropométricas.Introduction: The habit of watching television has been associated with the occurrence of overweight in children. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between television, nutritional status and food intake in 6-10-year children old from a private school in Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande do Sul. Methods: Initially, a questionnaire was applied in order to obtain dietary, demographic and daily TV viewing data. Additionally, measurements of weight, height and waist circumference were obtained to determine the nutritional status. Subjects were classified into two groups according to hours of daily TV viewing (<4 hours/day and ≥ 4 hours/day) and compared in terms of demographic, dietary and anthropometric variables. Results: 78,7% of participants were classified as watching four or more hours of television daily, 42.6% as overweight and 7.4% as having excess abdominal fat. When comparing the categories of hours of TV watching, there was no difference between the groups and the variables analyzed. But even without differences, a higher frequency of overweight and an excess of abdominal adiposity were observed in children who watched television ≥ 4 hours when compared to children who watched <4 hours (87,5% vs. 12,5%; 100% vs. 0%, respectively). Conclusion: In this study, watching ≥ 4 hours of television per day was not associated with food, demographic and anthropometric variables

Estimation of energy and macronutrient intake at home and in the kindergarten programs in preschool children

OBJETIVO: Estimar o consumo de energia e de macronutrientes no domicílio e na escola em tempo integral em crianças de 2 a 6 anos e pesquisar diferenças no consumo entre as crianças de escolas públicas e particulares. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado com 362 pré-escolares em Caxias do Sul (RS). O estado nutricional foi avaliado pela razão peso para estatura. O consumo na escola foi avaliado por meio do método de pesagem direta individual dos alimentos consumidos pelas crianças e, no domicílio, por meio do método de registro alimentar realizado pelos pais ou responsáveis. Para as análises estatísticas utilizou-se o teste U de Mann-Whitney (p < 0,05). RESULTADOS: Observou-se que 28 crianças (7,7 por cento) apresentaram excesso de peso, 92 (25,4 por cento), risco para excesso de peso e sete (1,9 por cento), baixo peso para a estatura. A avaliação da ingestão alimentar em 24 horas mostrou que 51,3 por cento da energia, 60,3 por cento dos lipídios e 51,6 por cento das proteínas foramconsumidos nos domicílios, apesar de as crianças permanecerem em período integral nas escolas. Observou-se maior ingestão de energia (p = 0,001), carboidratos (p < 0,001) e lipídios (p = 0,04) nos pré-escolares de escolas particulares em relação aos de escolas públicas, porém o consumo total diário se mostrou similar nas diferentes instituições. CONCLUSÕES: Os achados sugerem que as crianças consomem proporcionalmente mais energia, proteínas e lipídios nas refeições complementares dos domicílios em relação às refeições diárias nas escolas infantis. Apesar das diferenças de consumo entre as escolas públicas e particulares, a ingestão diária mostrou-se similar entre as criançasOBJECTIVE: To estimate the energy and macronutrient intake at home and at all-day in the kindergarten programs in children aged 2 to 6 and to investigate differences in consumption and intake between children at public and private kindergartens. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 362 preschool children from Caxias do Sul, Brazil. Nutritional status was assessed in terms of weight to height ratios. Foods consumed in the kindergarten were evaluated by weighing the actual foods eaten by the children and home intakes were calculated from a food diary kept by parents or guardians. Statistical analyses were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: It was found that 28 children (7.7%) were overweight, 92 (25.4%) were at risk of becoming overweight and seven (1.9%) were classified as having wasting. Analysis of 24-hour nutritional intake demonstrated that 51.3% of the energy, 60.3% of the lipids and 51.6% of the proteins consumed by children were eaten at home, despite the children spending the whole day in the kindergarten programs. Preschool children at kindergartens ate greater quantities of energy (p = 0.001), carbohydrates (p < 0.001), and lipids (p = 0.04) than did children at public kindergartens, but their total daily intakes were similar, irrespective of which type of kindergarten program children attended. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that these children eat proportionally more energy, proteins and lipids in their extra meals at home than they do in their daytime meals in the kindergarten programs. Despite the differences in intake between public and private kindergarten, daily intakes were simila

Maternal diet quality and associations with body composition and diet quality of preschool children : a longitudinal study

Background: Nutrition, associated with nutritional status, influences the growth of children. This study aimed to identify the association between maternal diet quality and the diet and body composition of their children. Methods: This is a prospective longitudinal study with mother-child pairs. To assess diet quality, nutritional status, and socioeconomic data, two interviews in the children's first and third months of life (2011-2016) and one interview when children were of preschool age (2017-2019) were performed. Diet quality was assessed based on daily food consumption and frequency, considering: 1) food groups, based on the Brazilian food pyramid; 2) level of processing, according to the NOVA classification (unprocessed and/or minimally processed foods, processed foods and ultra-processed foods). One-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc and Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn's post hoc tests were used to evaluate the influence of factors on children's diet quality. Pearson and Spearman's correlations were used to evaluate the relationship between maternal and children's diet quality, maternal schooling level, and child age. Along with the nutritional assessment of children, multiple linear regression models assessed the impact of covariables on maternal and children's diet quality. Results: Eighty-three mother-child pairs participated in this study. The more frequent the maternal consumption of unprocessed and/or minimally processed foods, the higher the consumption of these foods by children (r = +0.30; p = 0.006) and the lower their subscapular skinfold (SSF) thickness (p = 0.011; β = -0.278). On the other hand, the higher the maternal consumption of ultra-processed foods, the higher the children's tricipital skinfold (TSF) thickness (p = 0.010; β = +0.274) and SSF (p = 0.043; β = +0.222). Conclusion: Maternal diet quality was associated with the diet and body composition of children

Does domestic violence during pregnancy influence the beginning of complementary feeding?

Background:This study investigate the influence of domestic violence against pregnant women on early complementary feeding and associated factors. Methods:A longitudinal observational study was conducted with a convenience sample recruited from threepublic hospitals in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Data on maternal age, education, marital status, breastfeeding, introduction of complementary feeding and domestic violence during pregnancy were investigatedat four follow-ups points. Data on domestic violence was collected through a self-report questionnaire based onthe Abuse Assessment Screen. The early introduction of complementary feeding, characterized as occurring beforeor at 3 months of life, was verified through a questionnaire prepared by the research group. Data analysis involvedStudent’st-test, the chi-square test and Cox regression and was carried out in Statistical Package for the SocialSciences program. The significance level was set at 5%.Results:A total of 232 mother-infant pairs participated in the analyses, and 15.1% of the mothers reported suffering some form of violence. Domestic violence was directly associated with maternal education, marital status, and healthstatus during pregnancy. Domestic violence was not associated with maternal age or breastfeeding at 3 months afterdelivery. In the univariate analysis, domestic violence during pregnancy was associated with early complementary feeding (RR = 1.74; CI: 1.01–2.98). This effect disappeared after the model was adjusted in multivariate analysis. Conclusions:There was no relationship between domestic violence during pregnancy and early complementary feeding

Dietary micronutrient intake of preschool children at home and in kindergartens of the municipality of Caxias do Sul (RS), Brazil

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a ingestão alimentar de micronutrientes em pré-escolares no domicílio e em escolas de educação infantil públicas e particulares. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado com 362 pré-escolares entre dois e seis anos de idade, em Caxias do Sul (RS) Brasil, em 2007. A ingestão alimentar na escola foi avaliada por meio do método de pesagem direta individual, e no domicílio, por meio de registro alimentar realizado pelos pais ou responsáveis. Foi calculada a ingestão alimentar de cálcio, ferro, folato, vitamina A, vitamina C e zinco de acordo com o local da refeição e tipo de escola. RESULTADOS: Houve maior ingestão de alimentos contendo ferro, folato e vitamina C durante o período em que as crianças permaneceram na escola infantil, e maior ingestão de cálcio, vitamina A e zinco no domicílio. Houve significativamente maior ingestão de alimentos contendo ferro (p=0,03), folato (p=0,03), vitamina A (p<0,01) e vitamina C (p<0,01) pelas crianças da escola particular e maior ingestão de cálcio (p<0,01) e zinco (p<0,01) na escola pública. Quanto à prevalência de inadequação dos micronutrientes, as crianças não apresentaram risco deficiente para ingestão de ferro, folato, vitamina A e C e zinco, porém apenas 67,4% apresentaram ingestão de cálcio igual ou acima ao valor de referência. CONCLUSÃO: Os achados sugerem que o consumo de cálcio, vitamina A e zinco foi maior nos domicílios, apesar de as crianças permanecerem a maior parte do dia nas escolas. O consumo diário de micronutrientes de crianças de escolas públicas e particulares não diferiu significativamente, mesmo com diferenças nos cardápios.OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the adequacy of preschool children's dietary micronutrient intake at home and in public and private kindergartens. METHODS: This cross-sectional study done in 2007 included 362 preschool children aged 2-6 years from Caxias do Sul (RS), Brazil. Food intake at school was assessed by the individual direct weighing method and at home by food records kept by the parents or caregivers. Dietary intakes of calcium, iron, folate, vitamin A, vitamin C and zinc were calculated according to meal location and type of school. RESULTS: Dietary iron, folate and vitamin C intakes were higher in kindergartens and dietary intakes of calcium, vitamin A and zinc were higher at home. Dietary intakes of iron (p=0.03), folate (p=0.03), vitamin A (p<0.01) and vitamin C (p<0.01) were significantly higher in private kindergartens and dietary intakes of calcium (p<0.01) and zinc (p<0.01) were significantly higher in public kindergartens. Intakes of iron, folate, vitamin A, vitamin C and zinc were adequate but only 67.4% of the children were ingesting enough calcium. CONCLUSION: Dietary intakes of calcium, vitamin A and zinc were higher at home even though the children remained at school during most of the day. The daily micronutrient intakes of children from private and public kindergartens were not significantly different despite the menu differences

Can the complementary feeding method be a strategy to reduce the offer of ultra-processed foods?

Objective: To verify the prevalence of the offer of ultra-processed foods (UPFs), and to analyze their associated factors in the child's first year of life. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 119 mother-infant pairs. At 5.5 months of the child, the mothers received guidance on complementary feeding (CF) according to three methods: Parent-Led Weaning (PLW), Baby-Led Introduction to SolidS (BLISS), or mixed (a combination of PLW and BLISS). At nine and 12 months, the mothers answered a questionnaire about the offer of UPFs. The NOVA classification, which classifies foods according to the nature, extent, and purposes of the industrial processes to which they are subjected, was used to list the UPFs. Descriptive statistics and multivariate Poisson regression, following a multilevel hierarchical model according to the proximity to the outcome, were used to estimate the association between dependent and independent variables. Results: The prevalence of UPF consumption was 63% (n = 75) in the first year of life. Receiving guidance on healthy CF in the BLISS method showed to be a protective factor for offering UPFs (RR 0.72; CI95 0.52-0.99). Attending less than six prenatal consultations was a risk factor for the UPFs provision (RR 1.39; CI95 1.07-1.80). Conclusion: The prevalence of UPFs offered in the first year of life in this study can be considered high, and future interventions aimed at avoiding UPFs offered in this population should consider the CF method