Estudos moleculares da interação entre o Mycobacterium leprae e a célula de Schwann: uma abordagem de expressão gênica global

Submitted by Alessandra Portugal ([email protected]) on 2013-10-01T13:18:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Anna Beatriz Robottom Ferreira_Tese.pdf: 9570445 bytes, checksum: 839dd23c42d983f3e4b4e6a6658089cd (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2013-10-01T13:18:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Anna Beatriz Robottom Ferreira_Tese.pdf: 9570445 bytes, checksum: 839dd23c42d983f3e4b4e6a6658089cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrasilA hanseníase é uma doença infecciosa crônica causada pelo Mycobacterium leprae, onde tanto fatores do hospedeiro quanto ambientais têm papel no desfecho da doença. A hanseníase é uma das causas predominantes de incapacidade no nervo por infecção e os pacientes exibem altas taxas de morbidade, o que tem grande impacto na saúde pública. Apesar disso, os mecanismos de imunopatogênese induzidos pelo M. leprae são pouco conhecidos, especialmente nos tempos iniciais da infecção neural. Nesse estudo foi realizada uma análise global da expressão gênica por microarranjos numa tentativa de esclarecer a interação entre o M. leprae e seu hospedeiro humano. Células de Schwann primárias humanas infectadas pelo M. leprae apresentaram como diferencialmente expressos a classe de genes induzidos por interferon do tipo I. Desses genes, o OASL foi o gene que apresentou a maior alteração de expressão. Esse aumento de expressão foi confirmado por RT-PCR em tempo real em células de Schwann primárias infectadas pelo M. leprae. Foi demonstrado que a proteína OASL migra para o núcleo frente à infecção pelo M. leprae morto em linhagens de células de Schwann e de macrófagos THP1, onde ela provavelmente atua através da repressão epigenética da transcrição. O estudo de polimorfismos nesse gene envolvendo 521 casos e 498 controles indicou que o alelo A do SNP rs3213545 está associado à resistência a hanseníase. Por fim, carreadores do alelo A do SNP rs3213545 apresentaram menor expressão de RNAm de OASL em biópsias de nervo de indivíduos com neuropatia periférica não hansênica, mas não em pacientes com hanseníase, sugerindo que de fato o OASL parece funcionar como um supressor da ativação da resposta imune protetora para a hanseníase. Assim, a produção diminuída de OASL em estágios iniciais da infecção poderia conferir resistência à hanseníase. Conjuntamente, esses dados sugerem que o aumento da expressão do gene OASL favorece, nas etapas iniciais da infecção pelo M. leprae, a sobrevivência intracelular do bacilo no seu hospedeiro.Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, in which both host and environmental factors play a role in disease outcome. Leprosy is the most important cause of infectious nerve incapacity and patients exhibit high rates of morbidity, which impacts public health. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of M. leprae-induced imunopathogenesis are not completely understood, especially in the nerve during the early stages of infection. A global gene expression analysis using microarrays was carried out in an attempt to better understand the host-M. leprae interaction. The class of genes induced by type I IFN was identified as differentially expressed. Of these genes, OASL presented the highest change in expression, which was confirmed by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in M. leprae infected primary human Schwann cells. We also showed that OASL protein migrates to the nucleus upon infection with dead M. leprae in both a Schwann cell lineage and THP1 macrophages, where it probably functions as an epigenetic repressor of transcription. A case-control study conducted using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in this gene involving 521 cases and 498 controls indicated that the A allele of the rs3213545 SNP is associated with leprosy resistance. Furthermore, carriers of this allele expressed less OASL mRNA in nerve biopsies of patients presenting non-leprous peripheral neuropathy but the same was not observed in patients diagnosed with leprosy, suggesting that OASL seems to function by suppressing the activation of the protective immune response. Thus, an increased production of OASL in the initial stages of the infection by M. leprae may favor intracellular survival of the bacilli within its host

Expression of CYP2A3 mRNA and its regulation by 3-methylcholanthrene, pyrazole, and ß-ionone in rat tissues

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A enzymes are involved in the metabolism of numerous drugs and hormones and activate different carcinogens. Human CYP2A6, mouse CYP2A5 and rat CYP2A3 are orthologous enzymes that present high similarity in their amino acid sequence and share substrate specificities. However, different from the human and mouse enzyme, CYP2A3 is not expressed in the rat liver. There are limited data about expression of CYP2A3 in extrahepatic tissues and its regulation by typical CYP inducers. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to analyze CYP2A3 mRNA expression in different rat tissues by RT-PCR, and to study the influence of 3-methylcholanthrene, pyrazole and ß-ionone treatment on its expression. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups of 5 rats each, and were treated ip for 4 days with 3-methylcholanthrene (25 mg/kg body weight), pyrazole (150 mg/kg body weight), ß-ionone (1 g/kg body weight), or vehicle. Total RNA was extracted from tissues and CYP2A3 mRNA levels were analyzed by semiquantitative RT-PCR. CYP2A3 mRNA was constitutively expressed in the esophagus, lung and nasal epithelium, but not along the intestine, liver, or kidney. CYP2A3 mRNA levels were increased in the esophagus by treatment with 3-methylcholanthrene and pyrazole (17- and 7-fold, respectively), in lung by pyrazole and ß-ionone (3- and 4-fold, respectively, although not statistically significant), in the distal part of the intestine and kidney by 3-methylcholanthrene and pyrazole, and in the proximal part of the intestine by pyrazole. CYP2A3 mRNA was not induced in nasal epithelium, liver or in the middle part of the intestine. These data show that, in the rat, CYP2A3 is constitutively expressed in several extrahepatic tissues and its regulation occurs through a complex mechanism that is essentially tissue specific

Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis: Influence of successive in vitro cultivation on the expression of promastigote proteinases

Cysteine proteinases are an important virulence factor in Leishmania parasites. In this study we analyzed the cysteine proteinase expression of infective Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis promastigotes, examining the expression induced by successive in vitro passages in culture. We observed that this parasite presents a decrease in its virulence over BALB/c macrophages, after successive passages in culture, but still they present proteinase activity, being capable of hydrolyzing the substrate pGlu-Phe-Leu-p Nitroanilide at pH 7.0. This proteinase activity also decreases in the course of the successive passages. Additionally, the decrease in the amount of CPB proteins following successive passages of promastigotes was verified by immunoblotting assays, using an anti-CPB antiserum. Real-time PCR assays were performed to assess the relative cpb expression when compared to a housekeeping gene in promastigote cDNA preparations from the first, fourth and seventh passages. Interestingly, the data indicate a relative increase in cpb gene transcripts as the promastigotes were maintained under in vitro culture: 2.2 times higher for fourth and 2.7 times higher for seventh passages when compared to the first passage. Thus, the information gathered here shows that the expression of cysteine proteinases is modified during in vitro cultivation of L. (V.) braziliensis promastigotes

Parasite Load Induces Progressive Spleen Architecture Breakage and Impairs Cytokine mRNA Expression in <i>Leishmania infantum</i>-Naturally Infected Dogs

<div><p>Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL) shares many aspects with the human disease and dogs are considered the main urban reservoir of <i>L</i>. <i>infantum</i> in zoonotic VL. Infected dogs develop progressive disease with a large clinical spectrum. A complex balance between the parasite and the genetic/immunological background of the host are decisive for infection evolution and clinical outcome. This study comprised 92 Leishmania infected mongrel dogs of various ages from Mato Grosso, Brazil. Spleen samples were collected for determining parasite load, humoral response, cytokine mRNA expression and histopathology alterations. By real-time PCR for the ssrRNA Leishmania gene, two groups were defined; a low (lowP, n = 46) and a high parasite load groups (highP, n = 42). When comparing these groups, results show variable individual humoral immune response with higher specific IgG production in infected animals but with a notable difference in CVL rapid test optical densities (DPP) between highP and lowP groups. Splenic architecture disruption was characterized by disorganization of white pulp, more evident in animals with high parasitism. All cytokine transcripts in spleen were less expressed in highP than lowP groups with a large heterogeneous variation in response. Individual correlation analysis between cytokine expression and parasite load revealed a negative correlation for both pro-inflammatory cytokines: IFNγ, IL-12, IL-6; and anti-inflammatory cytokines: IL-10 and TGFβ. TNF showed the best negative correlation (r² = 0.231; p<0.001). Herein we describe impairment on mRNA cytokine expression in leishmania infected dogs with high parasite load associated with a structural modification in the splenic lymphoid micro-architecture. We also discuss the possible mechanism responsible for the uncontrolled parasite growth and clinical outcome.</p></div

<i>Leishmania infantum</i> naturally infected dogs present increased levels of immunoglobulins.

<p><i>Leishmania</i>-specific total IgG (A and C) and total IgM (B) levels in sera from noninfected dogs (control, n = 15) and from naturally infected dogs with either low (lowP, n = 46) or high (highP, n = 42) parasite load in spleen. Optical density of serum samples were determined by ELISA (A and B) using crude protein derived from <i>L</i>. <i>infantum</i> promastigotes IOC/L3128 (MCAN/BR/2009/BOB-FÍGADO). Reflectance values were determined by the rapid immunocromatographic test (Dual Path Platform, DPP, BioManguinhos). Horizontal bars indicate mean values. The dashed line indicates the cut-off, 0.549 for IgG and 0.645 for IgM. (***) p < 0.001; (**) p < 0.0002 indicate statistically significant differences, Mann Whitney test.</p

Quantification of parasite load in spleen samples from dogs naturally infected with <i>Leishmania infantum</i>.

<p>Quantification was carried out using real time PCR with primers specific for a <i>Leishmania</i> sp. DNA sequence of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (ssrRNA). The canine HPRT gene was used in order to normalize initial concentrations of DNA in each sample. (A) Histogram and normal density lines of <i>L</i>. <i>infantum</i> infected animals classified into low (n = 46), red line, or high (n = 42), green line, parasite load by the fitting of an optimum number of mixtures of normal distributions. (B) Minimum and maximum values of parasite per 10⁶ canine cells. Each sample was quantified in duplicate for each target. a,b Statistically significant differences (p < 0.0001, Unpaired T-test).</p

Splenic mRNA cytokines are down regulated in <i>Leishmania infantum</i> infected dogs with higher parasite loads.

<p>Ex-vivo analyses of relative mRNA levels for indicated genes in the splenic compartments of mongrel dogs infected with <i>L</i>. <i>infantum</i> and classified as low (lowP) or high (highP) parasite load. Gene expression levels of each tested cytokine were normalized using HPRT and RP32 expression. Error bars indicate the standard error of mean for each group. Significant differences are indicated by, p < 0.05 and **, p < 0.01 (nonparametric T-test with 1,000 permutations).</p