Dvofotonski raspad stanja sličnih 1s2s 1S0 u teškim atomskim sustavima

In He-like systems the direct decay of the 1s2s 1S0 state to the 1s2 1S0 ground state is "forbidden". The transition 1s2s 1S0® 1s2 1S0 by two photons sensitively probes the structure of the complete atomic system. In particular, the shape of the two-photon spectrum is sensitive to it and also reveals for heavy atomic numbers details of relativistic effects in strong central fields. A brief survey on this field of research is given with special emphasis on high nuclear charge Z.U sustavima sličnim He je izravan raspad stanja 1s2s 1S0 u osnovno stanje 1s2 1S0 “zabranjen”. Prijelaz 1s2s 1S0 → 1s2 1S0 emisijom dvaju fotona je osjetljiva proba strukture cijelog atomskog sustava. Oblik dvofotonskog spektra je posebno osjetljiv i otkriva detalje relativističkih učinaka u jakim središnjim poljima teških atoma. Daje se kratak pregled ovog polja s posebnim naglaskom na sustave visokog Z

Models to Evaluate the Role of Stress in Periodontal Disease

We evaluated the association of stress, distress, and coping behaviors with periodontal disease in 1,426 subjects, aged 25 to 74, in Erie County, NY. Demographic characteristics, medical and dental history, and tobacco and alcohol consumption, as well as clinical assessments of supragingival plaque, subgingival flora, gingival bleeding, calculus, probing depth, clinical attachment level (CAL), and radiographic alveolar bone loss (ABL) were obtained for each subject. Subjects also completed a set of 5 psychosocial instruments that measured life events, daily strains, hassles and uplifts, distress, and coping behaviors. Internal consistencies of all subscales on the instruments were high, with Cronbach’s alpha ranging from 0.88 to 0.99. Logistic regression indicated that financial strain was significantly associated with greater attachment and alveolar bone loss (OR 1.70; 95% CI, 1.09–2.65; and 1.68; 95% CI, 1.20–2.37, respectively) after adjusting for age, gender, and smoking. When those with financial strain were stratified with respect to coping behaviors, it was found that those who exhibited high emotion‐focused coping (inadequate coping) had an even higher risk of having more severe attachment loss (OR 2.24; 95% CI, 1.15–4.38) and alveolar bone loss (OR 1.91; 95% CI, 1.15–3.17) than those with low levels of financial strain within the same coping group, after adjustment for age, gender, and cigarette smoking. After further adjusting for number of visits to the dentist, those with financial strain who were high emotion‐focused copers still had higher levels of periodontal disease based on CAL (OR 2.12; 95% CI, 1.07–4.18). In contrast, subjects with high levels of financial strain who reported high levels of problem‐based coping (good coping) had no more periodontal disease than those with low levels of financial strain. Salivary cortisol levels were higher in a test group exhibiting severe periodontitis, a high level of financial strain, and high emotion‐focused coping, as compared to a control group consisting of those with little or no periodontal disease, low financial strain, and low levels of emotion‐focused coping (11.04 ± 4.4 vs. 8.6 ± 4.1 nmol/L salivary cortisol, respectively). These findings suggest that psychosocial measures of stress associated with financial strain are significant risk indicators for periodontal disease in adults. Further prospective studies are needed to help establish the time course of stress, distress, and inadequate coping on the onset and progression of periodontal disease, as well as to evaluate the mechanisms by which stress exerts its effects on periodontal infections. Ann Periodontol 1998;3:288–302.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142261/1/aape0288.pd

Linear vs. nonlinear effects for nonlinear Schrodinger equations with potential

We review some recent results on nonlinear Schrodinger equations with potential, with emphasis on the case where the potential is a second order polynomial, for which the interaction between the linear dynamics caused by the potential, and the nonlinear effects, can be described quite precisely. This includes semi-classical regimes, as well as finite time blow-up and scattering issues. We present the tools used for these problems, as well as their limitations, and outline the arguments of the proofs.Comment: 20 pages; survey of previous result

Trade-offs are unavoidable in multi-objective adaptation even in a post-Paris Agreement world

In a post-Paris Agreement world, where global warming has been limited to 1.5 or 2 °C, adaptation is still needed to address the impacts of climate change. To reinforce the links between such climate actions and sustainable development, adaptation responses should be aligned with goals of environmental conservation, economic development and societal wellbeing. This paper uses a multi-sectoral integrated modelling platform to evaluate the impacts of a + 1.5 °C world to the end of the 21st century under alternative Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) for Europe. It evaluates the ability of adaptation strategies to concurrently improve a range of indicators, relating to sustainable development, under the constraints imposed by the contrasting SSPs. The spatial synergies and trade-offs between sustainable development indicators (SDIs) are also evaluated across Europe. We find that considerable impacts are present even under low-end climate change, affecting especially biodiversity. Even when the SDIs improve with adaptation, residual impacts of climate change affect all the SDIs, apart from sustainable production. All but one of the adaptation strategies have unintended consequences on one or multiple SDIs, although these differ substantially between strategies, regions and socio-economic scenarios. The exception was the strategy to increase social and human capital. Other strategies that lead to successful adaptation with limited unintended consequences are those aiming at adoption of sustainable behaviours and implementation of sustainable water management. This work stresses the continuing importance of adaptation even under 1.5 °C or 2 °C of global warming. Further, it demonstrates the need for policy-makers to develop holistic adaptation strategies that take account of the synergies and trade-offs between sectoral adaptation strategies, sectors and regions, and are also constrained by scenario context to avoid over-optimistic assessments

Future projections of biodiversity and ecosystem services in Europe with two integrated assessment models

Projections of future changes in biodiversity and ecosystem services (BES) are of increasing importance to inform policy and decision-making on options for conservation and sustainable use of BES. Scenario-based modelling is a powerful tool to assess these future changes. This study assesses the consequences for BES in Europe under four socio-environmental scenarios designed from a BES perspective. We evaluated these scenarios using two integrated assessment models (IMAGE-GLOBIO and CLIMSAVE IAP, respectively). Our results showed that (i) climate and land use change will continue to pose significant threats to biodiversity and some ecosystem services, even in the most optimistic scenario; (ii) none of the four scenarios achieved overall preservation of BES in Europe; and (iii) targeted policies (e.g. on climate change, biodiversity conservation and sustainable land management) and behavioural change (e.g. reducing meat consumption, water-saving behaviour) reduced the magnitude of BES loss. These findings stress the necessity of more ambitious policies and actions if BES in Europe are to be safeguarded. We further found that the multi-modelling approach was critical to account for complementary BES dimensions and highlighted different sources of uncertainties (e.g. related to land use allocation, driving forces behind BES changes, trade assumptions), which facilitated nuanced and contextualised insights with respect to possible BES futures

X-ray induced electron and ion fragmentation dynamics in IBr

Characterization of the inner-shell decay processes in molecules containing heavy elements is key to understanding x-ray damage of molecules and materials and for medical applications with Auger-electron-emitting radionuclides. The 1s hole states of heavy atoms can be produced by absorption of tunable x-rays and the resulting vacancy decays characterized by recording emitted photons, electrons, and ions. The 1s hole states in heavy elements have large x-ray fluorescence yields that transfer the hole to intermediate electron shells that then decay by sequential Auger-electron transitions that increase the ion's charge state until the final state is reached. In molecules the charge is spread across the atomic sites, resulting in dissociation to energetic atomic ions. We have used x-ray/ion coincidence spectroscopy to measure charge states and energies of I$^{q+}$ and Br$^{q'+}$ atomic ions following 1s ionization at the I and Br \textit{K}-edges of IBr. We present the charge states and kinetic energies of the two correlated fragment ions associated with core-excited states produced during the various steps of the cascades. To understand the dynamics leading to the ion data, we develop a computational model that combines Monte-Carlo/Molecular Dynamics simulations with a classical over-the-barrier model to track inner-shell cascades and redistribution of electrons in valence orbitals and nuclear motion of fragments

Synthesizing plausible futures for biodiversity and ecosystem services in Europe and Central Asia using scenario archetypes

Scenarios are a useful tool to explore possible futures of social-ecological systems. The number of scenarios has increased dramatically over recent decades, with a large diversity in temporal and spatial scales, purposes, themes, development methods, and content. Scenario archetypes generically describe future developments and can be useful in meaningfully classifying scenarios, structuring and summarizing the overwhelming amount of information, and enabling scientific outputs to more effectively interface with decision-making frameworks. The Intergovernmental Platform for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) faced this challenge and used scenario archetypes in its assessment of future interactions between nature and society. We describe the use of scenario archetypes in the IPBES Regional Assessment of Europe and Central Asia. Six scenario archetypes for the region are described in terms of their driver assumptions and impacts on nature (including biodiversity) and its contributions to people (including ecosystem services): business-as-usual, economic optimism, regional competition, regional sustainability, global sustainable development, and inequality. The analysis shows that trade-offs between nature’s contributions to people are projected under different scenario archetypes. However, the means of resolving these trade-offs depend on differing political and societal value judgements within each scenario archetype. Scenarios that include proactive decision making on environmental issues, environmental management approaches that support multifunctionality, and mainstreaming environmental issues across sectors, are generally more successful in mitigating trade-offs than isolated environmental policies. Furthermore, those scenario archetypes that focus on achieving a balanced supply of nature’s contributions to people and that incorporate a diversity of values are estimated to achieve more policy goals and targets, such as the UN Sustainable Development Goals and the Convention on Biological Diversity Aichi targets. The scenario archetypes approach is shown to be helpful in supporting science-policy dialogue for proactive decision making that anticipates change, mitigates undesirable trade-offs, and fosters societal transformation in pursuit of sustainable development