Un Modèle basé sur les Grammaires Attribuées Gardées pour les Processus Dynamiques, Centrés sur l’Utilisateur, Distribués et Collaboratifs: Cas de la Surveillance Epidémiologique

Dynamic processes in which users need to work together and collaborate in myriad ways on process models defined on-the-fly are fast becoming the rule rather than the exception. This thesis presents the design of a purely declarative modelling approach for dynamic, collaborative, user-centred, and data-driven processes. First, we organize the work of a user into task hierarchies which we model as mindmaps, which are trees used to visualize, organize, and log information about tasks in which the user is involved. We introduce the model of guarded attribute grammars, or GAG, to help the automation of updating such maps. A GAG consists of an underlying grammar, that specifies the logical structure of the map, with semantic rules which are used both to govern the evolution of the tree structure (how an open node may be rened to a sub-tree) and to compute the values of some of its attributes. The map enriched with this extra information and with high-level constructs for task dependencies; collaborationand user-interactions is termed an active workspace or AW. Communication between AWs is essentially through the exchange of messages without a shared memory thus enabling convenient distribution on an asynchronous architecture. Lastly, we introduce a language syntax for GAG specification and design a prototype that includes an internal domain specific language (in Haskell) for their specification and a graphical user interface to simulate its execution in a distributed environment. We motivate our approach and illustrate its language syntax and features on a case study for a disease surveillance system.De plus en plus, les utilisateurs collaborent de multiples façons sur des processus dynamiques construit de manière progressive. Dans cette thèse, nous concevons une nouvelle approche d´déclarative de modélisation des processus dynamiques, centrés sur l’utilisateur et dirigés par les données. Tout d’abord, nous organisons le travail d’un utilisateur par des hiérarchies des taches, représentées par des cartes heuristiques (arbre de taches). Ces derniers sont utilisés pour visualiser, organiser, et sauvegarder les informations sur les tâches menés par l’utilisateur. Nous introduisons ensuite le modèle des grammaires attribuées gardées, ou GAG, pour faciliter l’automatisation de la manipulation de telles cartes. Une GAG consiste en une grammaire sous-jacente, qui spécifie la structure logique de la carte, avec des règles sémantiques qui servent à la fois a` gouverner l’évolution de l’arbre des taches (raffinement des nœuds ouverts) et a` calculer les valeurs de certains de ses attributs. La carte enrichie de ces informations supplémentaires et d’autres concepts de haut niveau pour les d´dépendances entre les taches, la collaboration et les interactions utilisateur est appelée Active Workspace ou AW. La communication entre AWs est essentiellement par échange des messages permettant ainsi une implémentation commode sur une architecture distribuée et asynchrone. Enfin, nous décrivons une syntaxe de langage pour la spécification des processus en utilisant les GAGs et concevons un prototype qui inclut un langage spécifique au domaine, interne `a Haskell, pour leur spécification et une interface utilisateur graphique pour la simulation de l’exécution dans un environnement distribué. Nous motivons notre approche et illustrons sa syntaxe et ses caractéristiques sur une étude de cas portant sur le processus de surveillance épidémiologique

Delivery and Safety of a Two-Dose Preventive Ebola Virus Disease Vaccine in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Participants during an Outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

During the 2018–2020 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak, residents in Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo, were offered a two-dose prophylactic EVD vaccine. This was the first study to evaluate the safety of this vaccine in pregnant women. Adults, including pregnant women, and children aged ≥1 year old were offered the Ad26.ZEBOV (day 0; dose 1), MVA-BN-Filo (day 56; dose 2) EVD vaccine through an open-label clinical trial. In total, 20,408 participants, including 6635 (32.5%) children, received dose 1. Fewer than 1% of non-pregnant participants experienced a serious adverse event (SAE) following dose 1; one SAE was possibly related to the Ad26.ZEBOV vaccine. Of the 1221 pregnant women, 371 (30.4%) experienced an SAE, with caesarean section being the most common event. No SAEs in pregnant women were considered related to vaccination. Of 1169 pregnancies with a known outcome, 55 (4.7%) ended in a miscarriage, and 30 (2.6%) in a stillbirth. Eleven (1.0%) live births ended in early neonatal death, and five (0.4%) had a congenital abnormality. Overall, 188/891 (21.1%) were preterm births and 79/1032 (7.6%) had low birth weight. The uptake of the two-dose regimen was high: 15,328/20,408 (75.1%). The vaccine regimen was well-tolerated among the study participants, including pregnant women, although further data, ideally from controlled trials, are needed in this crucial group

Un Modèle basé sur les Grammaires Attribuées Gardées pour les Processus Dynamiques, Centrés sur l’Utilisateur, Distribués et Collaboratifs: Cas de la Surveillance Epidémiologique

Dynamic processes in which users need to work together and collaborate in myriad ways on process models defined on-the-fly are fast becoming the rule rather than the exception. This thesis presents the design of a purely declarative modelling approach for dynamic, collaborative, user-centred, and data-driven processes. First, we organize the work of a user into task hierarchies which we model as mindmaps, which are trees used to visualize, organize, and log information about tasks in which the user is involved. We introduce the model of guarded attribute grammars, or GAG, to help the automation of updating such maps. A GAG consists of an underlying grammar, that specifies the logical structure of the map, with semantic rules which are used both to govern the evolution of the tree structure (how an open node may be rened to a sub-tree) and to compute the values of some of its attributes. The map enriched with this extra information and with high-level constructs for task dependencies; collaborationand user-interactions is termed an active workspace or AW. Communication between AWs is essentially through the exchange of messages without a shared memory thus enabling convenient distribution on an asynchronous architecture. Lastly, we introduce a language syntax for GAG specification and design a prototype that includes an internal domain specific language (in Haskell) for their specification and a graphical user interface to simulate its execution in a distributed environment. We motivate our approach and illustrate its language syntax and features on a case study for a disease surveillance system.De plus en plus, les utilisateurs collaborent de multiples façons sur des processus dynamiques construit de manière progressive. Dans cette thèse, nous concevons une nouvelle approche d´déclarative de modélisation des processus dynamiques, centrés sur l’utilisateur et dirigés par les données. Tout d’abord, nous organisons le travail d’un utilisateur par des hiérarchies des taches, représentées par des cartes heuristiques (arbre de taches). Ces derniers sont utilisés pour visualiser, organiser, et sauvegarder les informations sur les tâches menés par l’utilisateur. Nous introduisons ensuite le modèle des grammaires attribuées gardées, ou GAG, pour faciliter l’automatisation de la manipulation de telles cartes. Une GAG consiste en une grammaire sous-jacente, qui spécifie la structure logique de la carte, avec des règles sémantiques qui servent à la fois a` gouverner l’évolution de l’arbre des taches (raffinement des nœuds ouverts) et a` calculer les valeurs de certains de ses attributs. La carte enrichie de ces informations supplémentaires et d’autres concepts de haut niveau pour les d´dépendances entre les taches, la collaboration et les interactions utilisateur est appelée Active Workspace ou AW. La communication entre AWs est essentiellement par échange des messages permettant ainsi une implémentation commode sur une architecture distribuée et asynchrone. Enfin, nous décrivons une syntaxe de langage pour la spécification des processus en utilisant les GAGs et concevons un prototype qui inclut un langage spécifique au domaine, interne `a Haskell, pour leur spécification et une interface utilisateur graphique pour la simulation de l’exécution dans un environnement distribué. Nous motivons notre approche et illustrons sa syntaxe et ses caractéristiques sur une étude de cas portant sur le processus de surveillance épidémiologique

Active-Workspaces: A Dynamic Collaborative Business Process Model for Disease Surveillance Systems

International audienceFlexibility and change at both design-and run-time are fast becoming the Rule rather than the Exception in disease surveillance processes. This is attributed to the diversity in public health threats, to continuous advances in domain knowledge, the increase in expert knowledge, and the diverse and heterogeneous nature of contextual variables. Disease surveillance is one such processes and it is characterized by collaborative work and decision making between users with heterogeneous profiles on processes designed on-the-fly. A model for disease surveillance processes should thus natively support flexible workflow design and enactment as well as human interactions. We show in this paper how the Active Workspaces model proposed by Badouel et al. for distributed collaborative systems provides this support

Active Workspaces: Distributed Collaborative Systems based on Guarded Attribute Grammars

International audienc

Associations between meteorological parameters and influenza activity in a subtropical country: Case of five sentinel sites in Yaoundé-Cameroon

<div><p>Influenza is associated with highly contagious respiratory infections. Previous research has found that influenza transmission is often associated with climate variables especially in temperate regions. This study was performed in order to fill the gap of knowledge regarding the relationship between incidence of influenza and three meteorological parameters (temperature, rainfall and humidity) in a tropical setting. This was a retrospective study performed in Yaoundé-Cameroon from January 2009 to November 2015. Weekly proportions of confirmed influenza cases from five sentinel sites were considered as dependent variables, whereas weekly values of mean temperature, average relative humidity and accumulated rainfall were considered as independent variables. A univariate linear regression model was used in determining associations between influenza activity and weather covariates. A time-series method was used to predict on future values of influenza activity. The data was divided into 2 parts; the first 71 months were used to calibrate the model, and the last 12 months to test for prediction. Overall, there were 1173 confirmed infections with influenza virus. Linear regression analysis showed that there was no statistically significant association observed between influenza activity and weather variables. Very weak relationships (-0.1 < r < 0.1) were observed. Three prediction models were obtained for the different viral types (overall positive, Influenza A and Influenza B). Model 1 (overall influenza) and model 2 (influenza A) fitted well during the estimation period; however, they did not succeed to make good forecasts for predictions. Accumulated rainfall was the only external covariate that enabled good fit of both models. Based on the stationary R², 29.5% and 41.1% of the variation in the series can be explained by model 1 and 2, respectively. This study laid more emphasis on the fact that influenza in Cameroon is characterized by year-round activity. The meteorological variables selected in this study did not enable good forecast of future influenza activity and certainly acted as proxies to other factors not considered, such as, UV radiation, absolute humidity, air quality and wind.</p></div

Summary of model performance and estimated coefficients for influenza cases.

<p>Summary of model performance and estimated coefficients for influenza cases.</p

Characteristics of study variables.

<p>Characteristics of study variables.</p

Map showing location of sentinel sites.

<p>1 = “Centre Médico-Social Ambassade de France” (3.85N, 11.51E), 2 = “Centre Hospitalier d’Essos” (3.87N, 11.53E), 3 = “Centre d'Animation Sociale et Sanitaire de Nkolndongo” (3.86N, 11.53E), 4 = “Centre Médical d’Etoudi” (3.92N, 11.52E), 5 = “Centre Médical d’Arrondissement de Nkomo” (3.84N, 11.55E).</p