(A) Haematoxylin and eosin stained bone marrow trephines obtained in February 2011 showing occasional amastigotes (white arrow).

<p>(B) Haematoxylin and eosin stained bone marrow trephines obtained in February 2013 after liposomal daunorubicin treatment showing a heavy parasite load (black arrows).</p

(A) Abdominal computerised tomography (CT) scanning conducted in May 2012.

<p>Before treatment with liposomal daunorubicin. (B) Abdominal computerised tomography (CT) scanning conducted in July 2013. After treatment with liposomal daunorubicin, demonstrating no decrease in the patient’s hepato-splenomegaly.</p

(A) Trend of CD4 count, haemoglobin, platelet count and absolute neutrophil count, prior to treatment with liposomal daunorubicin 1993–2012.

<p>(B) Trend of CD4 count, haemoglobin, platelet count and absolute neutrophil count, September 2012-August 2013.</p

Characteristics on admission of primary VL patients who did or did not have record of subsequent relapse.

<p>*<b>Student's t-test for difference between mean values, Chi-squared test for differences in proportions.</b></p

Trends in VL relapse and related factors in Southern Sudan (1999–2007).

<p>Trends in VL relapse and related factors in Southern Sudan (1999–2007).</p

Primary VL, relapse VL and PKDL treatment data from Médecins Sans Frontières - Holland clinics in Southern Sudan (1999–2007).

a<p>from MSF summary statistics.</p>b<p>low proportion in 2004 due to looting of Lankien and consequent loss of patient medical record.</p

Characteristics on discharge of primary VL patients who did or did not have record of subsequent relapse.

<p>*<b>Student's t-test for difference between mean values, Chi-squared test for differences in proportions.</b></p

Multivariable model of risk factors for relapse after treatment for primary VL.

<p>*adjusted for age, sex, year, treatment centre and all variables in table.</p><p>**excluding patients who had spleen size ‘0’ on admission (adjusted for age, sex and all variables in table).</p><p>***Wald test-for-trend across spleen size as linear variable.</p

Characteristics of relapse VL patients (N = 621) who did or did not have a record of previous treatment for primary VL.

<p>*<b>Student's t-test for difference between mean values, Chi-squared test for differences in proportions.</b></p

Trends in primary and relapse VL in Southern Sudan (1999–2007).

a<p>from MSF summary statistics (expressed as proportion of patients treated for primary VL, N = 11,319).</p>b<p>from MSF treatment records (proportion of primary VL patients receiving this treatment, N = 8,521).</p>c<p>from MSF summary statistics (expressed as proportion of all patients treated, N = 12,924).</p>d<p>from MSF treatment records (duration of illness self-reported by VL relapse patients, N = 589).</p>e<p>from MSF treatment records (duration of illness self-reported by primary VL patients, N = 7,841).</p>f<p>from MSF treatment records (spleen size measured in primary VL patients, N = 8,494).</p>g<p>from MSF treatment records (interval between discharge and re-admission, N = 166).</p>h<p>Annual Percentage Change (95% confidence interval) estimated from join-point regression.</p