Rancang Bangun Aplikasi Game Puzzle Berbasis Android Menggunakan Algoritma Decision Tree

The development of games today is very rapid and has become part of the lifestyle. A puzzle game is an application that can be used to hone thinking and memory skills where users have to find a way out and collect special items that have been provided at every level of the game . The player must collect all the white orb in each level to get the key to move to the next level but the player will be confronted by the constraints on how to find the key and retrieve it . The game is designed using decision tree and game algorithms designed using Game Maker Studio that is applied to Android devices

Kajian Reaktivasi Jalur Lintas Cabang Daerah Operasional IV (Daop IV)

The Central Java government was planning to reoperate unused railway, considering the road traffic that was increasing rapidly in Central Java. Today, Central Java region has 663 km of unoperated railway. Most of it was located in the 4th operational region (DAOP IV). This research was planned to make a priority scales about railways which had some potensial to reopen and its properness financially. The activating priority scales which was used in this operation based on analytical demand and analytical supply. Analytical demand consists of the traffic rate and the amount of passenger\u27s movements at the OD datas. Whereas, analytical supply consists of analytical techniques seen from field conditions such as terrain availability, tools or places conditions, and accessibility. The results shows that unoperated track between Semarang-Demak-Purwodadi-Blora-Cepu has the most potencial to reactivate again for passengers purpose. On the other hand, unoperated track which goes to Tanjung Emas Harbour also become the most potencial track to reactivate considering increasing activities in this harbour. Based on the analytical results, there were two passenger\u27s scenarios for shifting the use of train transport, optimisstic scenario and pessimistic scenario. The optimisstic scenario was estimated to had 5058 passengers/day. While, the pessimistic scenario was estimated to had 1759 passengers/day. In order to reactivate the unoperated track between Semarang-Demak-Purwodadi-Blora-Cepu, a new construction was needed. It was because some of the old constructions were vanished and the railway type was very tiny, which were R.25 and R.33 type. All of those things above made this project highly cost, not to mention tools and operational funds to spend for its. From the financial view, the analytical result shows that NPV value was positive, BCR > 1, so it was good enough to reactivated. But, looking at the FIRR results, Semarang-Purwodadi track is the best option, considering its value is 5,69%, while for Semarang-Demak track is only 3,49%, and for Semarang-Cepu track is only 3,47%. For a better result, reactivation process of this track need to consider surrounding area within the track. Also, it needs better knowledge to understand commodity and region potential in order to raise the incomes

Kidney segmentation using 3D U-Net localized with Expectation Maximization

Kidney volume is greatly affected in several renal diseases. Precise and automatic segmentation of the kidney can help determine kidney size and evaluate renal function. Fully convolutional neural networks have been used to segment organs from large biomedical 3D images. While these networks demonstrate state-of-the-art segmentation performances, they do not immediately translate to small foreground objects, small sample sizes, and anisotropic resolution in MRI datasets. In this paper we propose a new framework to address some of the challenges for segmenting 3D MRI. These methods were implemented on preclinical MRI for segmenting kidneys in an animal model of lupus nephritis. Our implementation strategy is twofold: 1) to utilize additional MRI diffusion images to detect the general kidney area, and 2) to reduce the 3D U-Net kernels to handle small sample sizes. Using this approach, a Dice similarity coefficient of 0.88 was achieved with a limited dataset of n=196. This segmentation strategy with careful optimization can be applied to various renal injuries or other organ systems

Internal Friction and Vulnerability of Mixed Alkali Glasses

Based on a hopping model we show how the mixed alkali effect in glasses can be understood if only a small fraction c_V ofthe available sites for the mobile ions is vacant. In particular, we reproduce the peculiar behavior of the internal friction and the steep fall (''vulnerability'') of the mobility of the majority ion upon small replacements by the minority ion. The single and mixed alkali internal friction peaks are caused by ion-vacancy and ion-ion exchange processes. If c_V is small, they can become comparable in height even at small mixing ratios. The large vulnerability is explained by a trapping of vacancies induced by the minority ions. Reasonable choices of model parameters yield typical behaviors found in experiments.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Certainty of the Global Burden of Disease 2019 Modelled Prevalence Estimates for Musculoskeletal Conditions: A Meta-Epidemiological Study

Objectives: To describe and assess the risk of bias of the primary input studies that underpinned the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019 modelled prevalence estimates of low back pain (LBP), neck pain (NP), and knee osteoarthritis (OA), from Australia, Brazil, Canada, Spain, and Switzerland. To evaluate the certainty of the GBD modelled prevalence evidence. Methods: Primary studies were identified using the GBD Data Input Sources Tool and their risk of bias was assessed using a validated tool. We rated the certainty of modelled prevalence estimates based on the GRADE Guidelines 30-the GRADE approach for modelled evidence. Results: Seventy-two primary studies (LBP: 67, NP: 2, knee OA: 3) underpinned the GBD estimates. Most studies had limited representativeness of their study populations, used suboptimal case definitions and applied assessment instruments with unknown psychometric properties. The certainty of modelled prevalence estimates was low, mainly due to risk of bias and indirectness. Conclusion: Beyond the risk of bias of primary input studies for LBP, NP, and knee OA in GBD 2019, the certainty of country-specific modelled prevalence estimates still have room for improvement

Electrical vestibular stimulation in humans: a narrative review

Background: In patients with bilateral vestibulopathy, the regular treatment options, such as medication, surgery, and/ or vestibular rehabilitation, do not always suffice. Therefore, the focus in this field of vestibular research shifted to electrical vestibular stimulation (EVS) and the development of a system capable of artificially restoring the vestibular function. Key Message: Currently, three approaches are being investigated: vestibular co-stimulation with a cochlear implant (CI), EVS with a vestibular implant (VI), and galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS). All three applications show promising results but due to conceptual differences and the experimental state, a consensus on which application is the most ideal for which type of patient is still missing. Summary: Vestibular co-stimulation with a CI is based on “spread of excitation,” which is a phenomenon that occurs when the currents from the CI spread to the surrounding structures and stimulate them. It has been shown that CI activation can indeed result in stimulation of the vestibular structures. Therefore, the question was raised whether vestibular costimulation can be functionally used in patients with bilateral vestibulopathy. A more direct vestibular stimulation method can be accomplished by implantation and activation of a VI. The concept of the VI is based on the technology and principles of the CI. Different VI prototypes are currently being evaluated regarding feasibility and functionality. So far, all of them were capable of activating different types of vestibular reflexes. A third stimulation method is GVS, which requires the use of surface electrodes instead of an implanted electrode array. However, as the currents are sent through the skull from one mastoid to the other, GVS is rather unspecific. It should be mentioned though, that the reported spread of excitation in both CI and VI use also seems to induce a more unspecific stimulation. Although all three applications of EVS were shown to be effective, it has yet to be defined which option is more desirable based on applicability and efficiency. It is possible and even likely that there is a place for all three approaches, given the diversity of the patient population who serves to gain from such technologies

On the duration and cost variability of construction activities: an empirical study

The unique nature of construction projects can mean that construction activities often suffer from duration and cost variability. As this variability is unplanned it can present a problem when attempting to complete a project on time and on budget. Various factors causing this variability have been identified in the literature, but they predominantly refer to the nature and/or context of the whole project, rather than their specific activities. In this paper, the order of magnitude of and correlation between activity duration and cost variability is analyzed in 101 construction projects with over 5000 activities. To do this, the first four moments (mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis) of actual versus planned duration and cost (log) ratios are analyzed by project, phase of execution and activity type. Results suggest that, contrary to common wisdom, construction activities do not end late on average. Instead, the large variability in the activity duration is the major factor causing significant project delays and cost overruns. The values of average activity duration and cost variability gathered in this study will also serve as a reference for construction managers to improve future construction planning and project simulation studies with more realistic data

The Complex Role of Multivalency in Nanoparticles Targeting the Transferrin Receptor for Cancer Therapies

Transferrin receptor (TfR, CD71) has long been therapeutic target due to its over-expression on many malignant tissues. In this study, PRINT® nanoparticles were conjugated with TfR ligands for targeted drug delivery. Cylindrical poly(ethylene glycol)-based PRINT nanoparticles (diameter [d] = 200 nm, height [h] = 200 nm) labeled with transferrin receptor antibody (NP-OKT9) or human transferrin (NP-hTf), showed highly specific TfR-mediated uptake by all human tumor cell lines tested, relative to negative controls (IgG1 for OKT9 or bovine transferrin (bTf) for hTf). The targeting efficiency was dependent on particle concentration, ligand density, dosing time and cell surface receptor expression level. Interestingly, NP-OKT9 or NP-hTf showed little cytotoxicity on all solid tumor cell lines tested but were very toxic to Ramos B-cell lymphoma, whereas free OKT9 or hTf was not toxic. There was a strong correlation between TfR ligand density on particle surface and cell viability and particle uptake. NP-OKT9 and NP-hTf were internalized into acidic intracellular compartments but were not localized in EEA1 enriched early endosomes or lysosomes. Elevated caspase 3/7 activity indicates activation of apoptosis pathways upon particle treatment. Supplementation of iron suppressed the toxicity of NP-OKT9 but not NP-hTf, suggesting different mechanisms by which NP-hTf and NP-OKT9 exerts cytotoxicity on Ramos cells. Based on such an observation, the complex role of multivalency in nanoparticles is discussed. In addition, our data clearly reveal that one must be careful in making claims of “lack of toxicity” when a targeting molecule is used on nanoparticles and also raise concerns for unanticipated off-target effects when one is designing targeted chemotherapy nano-delivery agents