The Correlation Between Husband's and Wife's Education: Canada, 1971-1996

We present a measure of the correlation between the education levels of spouses based on a bivariate ordered probit model. The change in this correlation over time can be measured while controlling for the large changes in the educational attainment levels. The model is estimated with data from 20 Surveys of Consumer Finances in Canada over 1971-1996. Our main findings are a reduction in this correlation among younger couples beginning in the 1980s, and an inverted U- shaped effect of the spouses' age difference on the correlation, with the maximum correlation occurring approximately when the spouses' ages are equal.correlation; education level; bivariate ordered probit model; SCF

The Correlation Between Husband's and Wife's Education: Canada, 1971-1996

We present a measure of the correlation between the education levels of spouses based on a bivariate ordered probit model. The change in this correlation over time can be measured while controlling for the large changes in the educational attainment levels. The model is estimated with data from 20 Surveys of Consumer Finances in Canada over 1971-1996. Our main findings are a reduction in this correlation among younger couples beginning in the 1980s, and an inverted U- shaped effect of the spouses' age difference on the correlation, with the maximum correlation occurring approximately when the spouses' ages are equal.education; correlation; age

Chiral Metal Complexes of 1,4,7-Triazacyclononane and Related Ligands

The aim of this project was to investigate some metaSl complexes containing the 1,4,7-triazacyclononane moiety, particularly in respect of their optical activity. The species [Co(tacn)2]Cl3.5H2O was investigated and its circular dichroism spectrum decomposed into A2(T1) and E(T1) components. The analogous chromium complex was prepared and was found to spontaneously resolve on crystallisation. Optically active crystals were investigated by absorption, circular dichroism, luminescence and circularly polarised luminescence spectroscopies. The c.p.l. spectra of [Cr(tacn)2]Br3.5H2O represent only the third use of this technique on a crystalline sample. The bulk of the work reported relates to derivatives of tacn with pendant arms such that they constitute N3O3 donors. Two groups of tacn derivatives fulfilling this criterion may be distinguished: those possessing three acetate arms and those possessing three alcohol arms. Of the latter class the ligands thetacn and Methetacn were prepared and their novel metal complexes reported. Particular attention was paid to the cobalt complexes of the chiral ligand 5-Methetacn; an X-ray crystal structure of one form being reported. The acetate ligands tcta and Meteta were used to prepare chiral complexes with various first row transition metals. For all the species involved investigation centred on chiral properties and extensive use was made of circular dichroism and to a lesser extent circularly polarised luminescence spectroscopies, as means of probing the optical activity of metal complexes. On the basis of the optical activity observed in the visible region of the spectra of several first row transition metal complexes, empirical means of determining the absolute configuration of novel MN303 complexes, from their c. d. spectra, are suggested

Beyond Individual Lives: Using Comparative Osteobiography to Trace Social Patterns in Classical Italy

Osteobiographical studies have usually focused upon investigating an individual’s life experience. However, we can also understand variation in the shape of the life course itself as an object of study: Are there common patterns for how lives unfold within a society? Are there events or experiences that channel life courses? This approach to the life course can be adopted for ancient as well as for modern lives. A key element here is developing new methodologies for characterizing and comparing how lives develop through time, for instance, by ordering biological data in sequence, looking for time-structured patterns in them both by eye and through multivariate statistics. This article presents an initial exploration of this problem, using skeletal and archaeological data on 47 adults from the fifth to third centuries B.C. at Pontecagnano, an urban site in Campania, Italy. The results show both the importance of gender in the life course and the effects of different kinds of physical stress, probably due to specialization in labor. The result is not discrete categories of people but fuzzy envelopes of life possibilitie

The Independence and Economic Security of Older Women Living Alone

We study women aged 51-75 who live alone and are not married over the period 1969-1993 using national samples from The Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) and The Family Expenditure Survey (FAMEX). We examine Income and Expenditure Patterns over the period and find that: there have been substantial increases in real incomes of these women, particularly during the 1970's. The principal source of growth was government transfers and especially the growth in CPP incomes. Should governments withdraw this financial support, low incomes could quickly re-emerge. Incomes of those who were previously married and of the older group of these women (ages 60-75) grew more rapidly over the period. The growth in income has gone almost entirely into consumption. Some of these women are able to save, but like most sub-groups of the Canadian population there is tremendous variability in saving rates among older women.SCF; FAMEX; income; expenditure; older women