499 research outputs found
The influence of shearāvelocity heterogeneity on ScS2/ScS amplitude ratios and estimates of Q in the mantle
Regional waveforms of deepāfocus TongaāFiji earthquakes indicate anomalous traveltime differences (ScS2āScS) and amplitude ratios (ScS2/ScS) of the phases ScS and ScS2. The correlation between the ScS2āScS delay time and the ScS2/ScS amplitude ratio suggests that shear wave apparent Q in the mantle below the TongaāFiji region is highest when shear wave velocities are lowest. This observation is unexpected if temperature variations were responsible for the seismic anomalies. Using spectral element method waveform simulations for four tomographic models, we demonstrate that focusing and scattering of shear waves by longāwavelength 3āD heterogeneity in the mantle may overwhelm the signal from intrinsic attenuation in longāperiod ScS2/ScS amplitude ratios. The tomographic models reproduce the trends in recorded ScS2āScS difference times and ScS2/ScS amplitude ratios. Although they cannot be ruled out, variations in shear wave attenuation (i.e., the quality factor Q) are not necessary to explain the data.Key PointsThe influence of complex 3āD wave propagation in the mantle on ScS2/ScS amplitude ratiosScS2āScS difference times are delayed and ScS2/ScS amplitude ratios are high on Samoa indicating low wave speeds but no attenuationBody wave amplitudes may be useful for evaluating the accuracy of tomographic models and as complementary data in tomographic inversionsPeer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134191/1/grl54786_am.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134191/2/grl54786.pd
Lithospheric cooling trends and deviations in oceanic PPāP and SSāS differential traveltimes
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/97534/1/jgrb50092.pd
Apparent Splitting of S Waves Propagating Through an Isotropic Lowermost Mantle
Observations of shear wave anisotropy are key for understanding the mineralogical structure and flow in the mantle. Several researchers have reported the presence of seismic anisotropy in the lowermost 150ā250 km of the mantle (i.e., D urn:x-wiley:jgrb:media:jgrb52636:jgrb52636-math-0002 layer), based on differences in the arrival times of vertically (SV) and horizontally (SH) polarized shear waves. By computing waveforms at a period > 6 s for a wide range of 1āD and 3āD Earth structures, we illustrate that a time shift (i.e., apparent splitting) between SV and SH may appear in purely isotropic simulations. This may be misinterpreted as shear wave anisotropy. For nearāsurface earthquakes, apparent shear wave splitting can result from the interference of S with the surface reflection sS. For deep earthquakes, apparent splitting can be due to the S wave triplication in D urn:x-wiley:jgrb:media:jgrb52636:jgrb52636-math-0003, reflections off discontinuities in the upper mantle, and 3āD heterogeneity. The wave effects due to anomalous isotropic structure may not be easily distinguished from purely anisotropic effects if the analysis does not involve full waveform simulations
Estimate of the Rigidity of Eclogite in the Lower Mantle From Waveform Modeling of Broadband SātoāP Wave Conversions
Broadband USArray recordings of the 21 July 2007 western Brazil earthquake (Mw=6.0; depth = 633ākm) include highāamplitude signals about 40ās, 75ās, and 100ās after the P wave arrival. They are consistent with S wave to P wave conversions in the mantle beneath northwestern South America. The signal at 100ās, denoted as S1750P, has the highest amplitude and is formed at 1,750ākm depth based on slantāstacking and semblance analysis. Waveform modeling using axisymmetric, finite difference synthetics indicates that S1750P is generated by a 10ākm thick heterogeneity, presumably a fragment of subducted midāocean ridge basalt in the lower mantle. The negative polarity of S1750P is a robust observation and constrains the shear velocity anomaly Ī“VS of the heterogeneity to be negative. The amplitude of S1750P indicates that Ī“VS is in the range from ā1.6% to ā12.4%. The large uncertainty in Ī“VS is due to the large variability in the recorded S1750P amplitude and simplifications in the modeling of S1750P waveforms. The lower end of our estimate for Ī“VS is consistent with ab initio calculations by Tsuchiya (2011), who estimated that Ī“VS of eclogite at lower mantle pressure is between 0 and ā2% due to shear softening from the poststishovite phase transition.Key PointsBroadband recordings of SāP conversions allow for constraining compositional properties of deep Earth materialsStishovite is present in subducted eclogite and contributes to shear velocity softeningFragments of subducted oceanic crust are entrained in mantle flow and can be preserved at depths approaching 2,000 kmPeer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141104/1/grl56669_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141104/2/grl56642-sup-0002-supplementary.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141104/3/grl56642-sup-0001-supplementary.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141104/4/grl56669.pd
Cross-talk between signaling pathways leading to defense against pathogens and insects
In nature, plants interact with a wide range of organisms, some of which
are harmful (e.g. pathogens, herbivorous insects), while others are beneficial
(e.g. growth-promoting rhizobacteria, mycorrhizal fungi, and predatory
enemies of herbivores). During the evolutionary arms race between plants
and their attackers, primary and secondary immune responses evolved to
recognize common or highly specialized features of microbial pathogens
(Chisholm et al., 2006), resulting in sophisticated mechanisms of defense
An acceptor-substrate binding site determining glycosyl transfer emerges from mutant analysis of a plant vacuolar invertase and a fructosyltransferase
Glycoside hydrolase family 32 (GH32) harbors hydrolyzing and transglycosylating enzymes that are highly homologous in their primary structure. Eight amino acids dispersed along the sequence correlated with either hydrolase or glycosyltransferase activity. These were mutated in onion vacuolar invertase (acINV) according to the residue in festuca sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase (saSST) and vice versa. acINV(W440Y) doubles transferase capacity. Reciprocally, saSST(C223N) and saSST(F362Y) double hydrolysis. SaSST(N425S) shows a hydrolyzing activity three to four times its transferase activity. Interestingly, modeling acINV and saSST according to the 3D structure of crystallized GH32 enzymes indicates that mutations saSST(N425S), acINV(W440Y), and the previously reported acINV(W161Y) reside very close together at the surface in the entrance of the active-site pocket. Residues in- and outside the sucrose-binding box determine hydrolase and transferase capabilities of GH32 enzymes. Modeling suggests that residues dispersed along the sequence identify a location for acceptor-substrate binding in the 3D structure of fructosyltransferases
Joint inversion for global isotropic and radially anisotropic mantle structure including crustal thickness perturbations
We present a new global wholeāmantle model of isotropic and radially anisotropic S velocity structure (SGLOBEārani) based on ~43,000,000 surface wave and ~420,000 body wave travel time measurements, which is expanded in spherical harmonic basis functions up to degree 35. We incorporate crustal thickness perturbations as model parameters in the inversions to properly consider crustal effects and suppress the leakage of crustal structure into mantle structure. This is possible since we utilize shortāperiod groupāvelocity data with a period range down to 16ās, which are strongly sensitive to the crust. The isotropic S velocity model shares common features with previous global S velocity models and shows excellent consistency with several highāresolution upper mantle models. Our anisotropic model also agrees well with previous regional studies. Anomalous features in our anisotropic model are faster SV velocity anomalies along subduction zones at transition zone depths and faster SH velocity beneath slabs in the lower mantle. The derived crustal thickness perturbations also bring potentially important information about the crustal thickness beneath oceanic crusts, which has been difficult to constrain due to poor access compared with continental crusts.Key PointsWe used a massive and varied data set to constrain radially anisotropic mantle structureWe include crustal thickness perturbations as model parametersWe observe faster SV velocity along subduction slabs in the transition zonePeer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/112272/1/jgrb51168.pd
Faulting structure above the Main Himalayan Thrust as shown by relocated aftershocks of the 2015 Mw7.8 Gorkha, Nepal, earthquake
The 25 April 2015, Mw7.8 Gorkha, Nepal, earthquake ruptured a shallow section of the IndianāEurasian plate boundary by reverse faulting with NNEāSSW compression, consistent with theĀ direction of current IndianāEurasian continental collision. The Gorkha main shock and aftershocks were recorded by permanent global and regional arrays and by a temporary local broadband array near the ChinaāNepal border deployed prior to the Gorkha main shock. We relocate 272 earthquakes with Mw>3.5 by applying a multiscale doubleādifference earthquake relocation technique to arrival times of direct and depth phases recorded globally and locally. We determine a wellāconstrained depth of 18.5Ā km for the main shock hypocenter which places it on the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT). Many of the aftershocks at shallower depths illuminate faulting structure in the hanging wall with dip angles that are steeper than the MHT. This system of thrust faults of the Lesser Himalaya may accommodate most of the elastic strain of the Himalayan orogeny.Key PointsWe relocate the 2015 GorkhaĀ earthquakes using teleseismic and regional waveformsThe main shock is located on theĀ horizontal Main Himalaya Thrust (MHT) at a depth of 18.5Ā kmAftershocks show faulting structure in the hanging wall above the MHTPeer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/135634/1/grl53895.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/135634/2/grl53895_am.pd
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