Molecular Analyses of Changes Induced in the Microbial Populations of Murine Colon After As(III) Exposure

The gut microbiota is essential for mammalian health and metabolism. Thus identifying factors that influence the host microbiota is key to understanding the dynamic interplay between the host and its microbiota. Recent studies have shown the effect of chronic exposures of trivalent arsenic [As(III)] in environmentally relevant concentrations on host physiology, however, little is known of how it impacts the gut microbiota. This study examined the hypothesis that environmentally relevant concentrations of As(III) in drinking water will directly affect the murine colon microbial composition and physiology. The colon microbial communities from 10 and 250 ppb of As(III) exposed mice were compared to the control mice after 2, 5 and 10 weeks of As(III) exposure. Molecular analysis based on 16S rRNA gene and 16S- 23S intergenic region indicated a time and dose dependent shift in microbial community composition. Analysis of 16S rDNA clone libraries demonstrated an increase in Bacteroidetes and proportionally fewer Firmicutes in colon microbiota in response to As(III) exposure. Microbes have developed mechanisms to tolerate arsenic present in the environment. This study is the first to show that the gut microbes express arsenic resistant genes (arsA and arsB) in the colon. However, exposure to ppb concentrations of As(III) did not induce the expression of these genes in colon microbes. These data suggest that the selective effect of As(III) on colon microbiota was not due to direct exposure of colon microbes to As(III), but rather a response to changes in the host physiology. Since arsenic affects the NO levels in human cell lines, it was hypothesized that As(III) will affect the pathways that are linked to NO levels in human body. Many microbes present in human body have nitrogen metabolizing genes (nrfA) that contribute to NO levels, thus the expression levels of nrfA gene in colon microbes was examined. Real time RT-qPCR studies showed a time and dose dependent increase in nrfA expression in response to As(III) exposure. Together, the results presented in this study demonstrated an indirect effect of As(III) on the composition and physiology of murine colon microbiota that may further impact the host health

EXPLORING GENDER AND AGE DISPARITIES IN MOBILE GAMING HABITS AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

The present research study aimed to examining gender and age differences in mobile gaming habits of secondary school students in Punjab. The mobile gaming habits and patterns involve frequency, preferences and time spent on mobile game play. The research employed a sample of 1200 students selected through stratified random sampling, with 55.5% identifying as male and 44.5% as female. Data collection instruments included a self-constructed Mobile Gaming Habits Scale and a Biographic-Demographic Information Form. The results of the study indicate substantial distinctions between male and female students across various dimensions of mobile gaming habits, including withdrawal, obsession, mood modification, and malfunction. However, no significant differences were observed concerning age. 90.9% of school students use mobile for playing digital games and more than one-third 37% of school students play action games on mobile. Males predominantly engage in multiplayer gaming mode, displaying a preference for action, role-playing, and sports game genres. Conversely, females exhibit a predilection for singleplayer gaming mode, gravitating towards puzzle game genres. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationship between gender, age, and mobile gaming behaviours among secondary school students. Such insights are valuable for educators, parents, and researchers aiming to address potential concerns related to excessive mobile gaming and its impact on adolescents

A Descriptive Study On Culpable Homicide & Murder

Murder and Culpable Homicide are similar to each other, but they are not identical to each other. Section 299 deals with Culpable Homicide and Section 300 explain the concept of Murder. There is a very thin difference between Murder and Culpable Homicide. It becomes difficult to differentiate between them because both concepts represent “The killing of death”. Murder defines that the intentionally killing of a human being which in itself is sufficient to cause the death of a person whereas Culpable Homicide explains that the act is done with the intention of causing death which is likely to cause the death of a person. It is a common understanding that “Every Murder is Culpable Homicide but all Culpable Homicide are not Murder”. In other words, we can say that murder is a part of culpable homicide i.e. Culpable Homicide is regarded as a genus whereas Murder is species

Some factorization results on polynomials having integer coefficients

In this article, we prove some factorization results for several classes of polynomials having integer coefficients, which in particular yield several classes of irreducible polynomials. Such classes of polynomials are devised by imposing some sufficiency conditions on their coefficients along with some conditions on the prime factorization of constant term or the leading coefficient of the underlying polynomials in conjunction with the information about their root location.Comment: 8 page

A Case of Diastematomyelia Presenting With Minimal Neurologic Deficits in a Middle-Aged Patient

Diastematomyelia is a rare congenital deformity of the spine in which the spinal cord is split into two hemicords along the sagittal plane. This condition belongs to the group of spinal dysraphisms, is more common in females, and is usually diagnosed prenatally or during childhood; rarely is it diagnosed in adults. We report a male patient in his 50s in which diastematomyelia of the thoracic spine was incidentally encountered after receiving a CT scan of the chest for shortness of breath. Although most patients with this condition are symptomatic, the patient did not display any significant acute neurological complaints at the time. The patient had a history of spina bifida and is paraplegic, both of which are commonly associated with diastematomyelia. The lack of progressive neurologic symptoms, diagnosis in the patient\u27s adult life, and the presence of the anomaly solely in the thoracic spine make this a rare and unusual case. Early recognition and diagnosis of this condition, by prenatal ultrasound or MRI, can help to prevent further damage to the spinal cord and allow affected patients to seek treatment sooner, thus improving quality of life

PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF CINNAMOMUM TAMALA LEAF EXTRACT

Cinnamon tamala, is a tree that is also known as bay leaf or tejpatta, it is native to India and included in the family Lauraceae. It has been proved that this plant has various pharmacological activities such as anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, etc. In this present study, the phytochemical profile of the leaf is investigated both qualitatively and quantitatively. After the phytochemical investigation of the leaf, antioxidant potency for free radical scavenging (ABTS and DPPH) was examined. The presence of various alkaloids, steroids, and flavones was revealed by qualitative assessment. Cinnamon oil exhibited highest antioxidant activity having IC50 value of 40.85± 4.96 and 18.57 ± 0.10μg/ml in DPPH and ABTS assa

Ayurveda View on Raktamokshan and its Mode of Action as per Modern Science

Ayurveda is old science which deals with many surgical and parasurgical procedures for the management of different pathological conditions. Amongst the many unique modalities Raktamokshan (bloodletting) is one of the important modality which provides health benefits in many diseases. Acharya Sushruta described importance of this procedure in conditions involving vitiation of Rakta and Dosha. Vitiation of Rakta is responsible for many health issues including skin problems and Raktamokshan helps greatly in this regard. Leech therapy, venesection and cupping therapy are subtype of Raktamokshan which helps in blood purification. The bloodletting therapies gaining attention of modern science due to their technical advancement. Raktamokshana mainly involves various techniques of blood liberation. Raktamokshan helps to treat conditions like eczema, swellings, inflammations and poisoning, etc