The Effect of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy on Caregiver Rigidity, Job Satisfaction and Childhood Misbehavior

This research studied the effects of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) training in a residential care facility for children with histories of maltreatment. Initially, five direct care staff were trained to provide an adapted version of PCIT to a randomly assigned child in the facility. The goal was to improve staff’s interactions with the children in their care and increase job satisfaction while decreasing the instances of misbehavior among those children. Data was recorded four times (pre, during, and post intervention) to assess the efficacy of the intervention and included completion of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI), the Rigidity scale of the Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAPI), and a Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS). Although the results did not provide statistical significance to support the hypothesis that training in PCIT would reduce instances of misbehavior, training in PCIT was associated with increased job satisfaction and decreased rigidity levels in direct care staff. Twenty eight additional participants were later added to test relationships between job satisfaction, child misbehavior and rigidity. Statistically significant relationships were found between perceived childhood misbehavior and caregiver rigidity, however correlations between child misbehaviors with job satisfaction and rigidity with job satisfaction did not yield statistical significance

Effect of Exercise on Blood Pressure and Body Mass Index in At-Risk Populations

Higher blood pressure and basal metabolic rate (BMI) are health problems in the United States (U.S.), but particularly in high risk minority populations, in part because of limited access to adequate resources to help themselves become healthier. This Honors Paper aimed to examine the effect of an exercise intervention on blood pressure and BMI in high risk minority populations. The honors project is a part of the Finding A Better You (FABU) project by College of Health Profession faculty Dr. Murrock, Dr. MacCracken, and Dr. Juvancic-Heltzel. The FABU project assessed at risk individuals (lower income older adults) in Summit County and determined the outcomes of intervention classes about proper exercise and nutrition. Using a non-experimental design and convenience sampling, this honors project was guided by Bandura’s Social Cognition Theory, which describes behavior change in group settings. The project initially aimed to generate preliminary findings about whether or not exercise affects blood pressure and BMI in at risk populations. However, the coronavirus disrupted the delivery of the intervention and resulted in revising the research question to examine the effect of exercise classes over 12 weeks on blood pressure and BMI in a sample of minority adults

Alcohol and physical activity screening in the National Health Service Health Check programme: Comparison of medical records and actual practice

Objectives National data for the National Health Service (NHS) Health Check programme (in England), collected by University College London, Public Health England and NHS Digital, found that physical activity and alcohol was recorded in just 64.5% and 38.3% of patient records, respectively. We examined video recorded NHS Health Checks from the RIsk COmmunication in NHS Health Check study (collected 2018–19) to explore alcohol and physical activity measurement, comparing recorded and actual activity. Study design Observational study. Methods Anonymised medical records and transcripts of 130 video-recorded NHS Health Checks from 12 general practices were compared to understand use of alcohol (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Concise, Fast Alcohol Screening Test) and physical activity (General Practitioner Physical Activity Questionnaire) measures. Results Findings showed considerable discrepancies between how alcohol measurement was recorded in the patient's medical record and how it was assessed in practice. Equally, practitioners completed or partially completed AUDIT in fewer than half of patients who were perceived to be eligible for further screening. There was more consistency in physical activity assessment. Omitted questions, related to physical activity, were largely around work-related physical activity. Conclusions Overall, inconsistent use of recommended tools for screening alcohol and physical activity in NHS Health Check suggests that some practitioners do not follow recommended national guidance. Omission of certain questions led to missed opportunities for practitioners to discuss alcohol consumption, particularly with those who reported apparently excessive alcohol consumption (>14 units per week). Interviews with NHS Health Check practitioners may help to understand barriers to following recommended practice and identify areas for improvement

Multi-trophic consequences of plant genetic variation in sex and growth.

There is growing evidence for the influence of plant intraspecific variation on associated multi-trophic communities, but the traits driving such effects are largely unknown. We conducted a field experiment with selected genetic lines of the dioecious shrub Baceharis salicifolia to investigate the effects of plant growth rate (two-fold variation) and gender (males vs. females of the same growth rate) on above- and belowground insect and fungal associates. We documented variation in associate density to test for effects occurring through plant-based habitat quality (controlling for effects of plant size) as well as variation in associate abundance to test for effects occurring through both habitat quality and abundance (including effects of plant size). Whereas the dietary specialist aphid Uroleucon macaolai was unaffected by plant sex and growth rate, the generalist aphid Aphis gossypii and its tending ants (Linepithema humile) had higher abundances and densities on male (vs. female) plants, suggesting males provide greater habitat quality. In contrast, Aphis and ant abundance and density were unaffected by plant growth rate, while Aphis parasitoids were unaffected by either plant sex or growth rate. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi had higher abundance and density (both marginally significant) on females (vs. males), suggesting females provide greater habitat quality, but lower abundances (marginally significant) and higher densities on slow- (vs. fast-) growing genotypes, suggesting slow-growing genotypes provided lower resource abundance but greater habitat quality. Overall, plant sex and growth rate effects on associates acted independently (i.e., no interactive effects), and these effects were of a greater magnitude than those coming from other axes of plant genetic variation. These findings thus demonstrate that plant genetic effects on associated communities may be driven by a small number of trait-specific mechanisms

A novel microfluidic device capable of maintaining functional thyroid carcinoma specimens ex vivo provides a new drug screening platform

© 2019 The Author(s). Background: Though the management of malignancies has improved vastly in recent years, many treatment options lack the desired efficacy and fail to adequately augment patient morbidity and mortality. It is increasingly clear that patient response to therapy is unique to each individual, necessitating personalised, or 'precision' medical care. This demand extends to thyroid cancer; ~ 10% patients fail to respond to radioiodine treatment due to loss of phenotypic differentiation, exposing the patient to unnecessary ionising radiation, as well as delaying treatment with alternative therapies. Methods: Human thyroid tissue (n = 23, malignant and benign) was live-sliced (5 mm diameter × 350-500 μm thickness) then analysed or incorporated into a microfluidic culture device for 96 h (37 °C). Successful maintenance of tissue was verified by histological (H&E), flow cytometric propidium iodide or trypan blue uptake, immunohistochemical (Ki67 detection/ BrdU incorporation) and functional analysis (thyroxine [T4] output) in addition to analysis of culture effluent for the cell death markers lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and dead-cell protease (DCP). Apoptosis was investigated by Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL). Differentiation was assessed by evaluation of thyroid transcription factor (TTF1) and sodium iodide symporter (NIS) expression (western blotting). Results: Maintenance of gross tissue architecture was observed. Analysis of dissociated primary thyroid cells using flow cytometry both prior to and post culture demonstrated no significant change in the proportion of viable cells. LDH and DCP release from on-chip thyroid tissue indicated that after an initial raised level of release, signifying cellular damage, detectable levels dropped markedly. A significant increase in apoptosis (p < 0.01) was observed after tissue was perfused with etoposide and JNK inhibitor, but not in control tissue incubated for the same time period. No significant difference in Ki-67 positivity or TTF1/NIS expression was detected between fresh and post-culture thyroid tissue samples, moreover BrdU positive nuclei indicated on-chip cellular proliferation. Cultured thyroid explants were functionally viable as determined by production of T4 throughout the culture period. Conclusions: The described microfluidic platform can maintain the viability of thyroid tissue slices ex vivo for a minimum of four days, providing a platform for the assessment of thyroid tissue radioiodine sensitivity/adjuvant therapies in real time

Perceptions of Physical Activity Changes Due to COVID-19 Restrictions Among Women in the United Kingdom

The purpose of the current study was to explore, via interview, how and why women felt their physical activity levels and active lifestyles had been affected by COVID-19. Telephone interviews were conducted with 23 women, aged between 28 and 52 years from a variety of socioeconomic backgrounds in the United Kingdom. Based on reflexive thematic analysis, the perceived reduction in exercise and the increase in sedentary behavior that many of these women experienced were felt to be a result of the physical restrictions imposed through gym and leisure-facility closure, the change in circumstance (both work and home life), the perceived risks associated with exercising during a pandemic, as well as a lack of peer support. In contrast, some women experienced increased opportunity and time to exercise, which they felt benefited their health. For any future pandemic-related restrictions, exercise practitioners should consider promoting exercise with others in a safe environment in order to ensure that women’s healthy exercise and lifestyle behaviors are maintained

Rapid Quantification of Biofouling With an Inexpensive, Underwater Camera and Image Analysis

To reduce the transport of potentially invasive species on ships\u27 submerged surfaces, rapid-and accurate-estimates of biofouling are needed so shipowners and regulators can effectively assess and manage biofouling. This pilot study developed a model approach for that task. First, photographic images were collected in situ with a submersible, inexpensive pocket camera. These images were used to develop image processing algorithms and train machine learning models to classify images containing natural assemblages of fouling organisms. All of the algorithms and models were implemented in a widely available software package (MATLAB©). Initially, an unsupervised clustering model was used, and three types of fouling were delineated. Using a supervised classification approach, however, seven types of fouling could be identified. In this manner, fouling was successfully quantified over time on experimental panels immersed in seawater. This work provides a model for the easy, quick, and cost-effective classification of biofouling