Development Of Polyurethane/Clay Nanocomposites Based On Palm Oil Polyol

Polyurethanes (PURs) are very versatile polymeric materials with a wide range of physical and chemical properties. PURs have desirable properties such as high abrasion resistance, tear strength, shock absorption, flexibility and elasticity. Although they have relatively poor thermal stability, this can be improved by using treated clay. Polyurethane/clay nanocomposites have been synthesized from renewable sources. A polyol for the production of polyurethane by reaction with an isocyanate was obtained by the synthesis of palm oil-based oleic acid with glycerol. Dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) was used as catalyst and emulsifier. The unmodified clay (kunipia-F) was treated with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB-mont) and octadodecylamine (ODA-mont). The d-spacing in CTAB-mont and ODA-mont were 1.571 nm and 1.798 nm respectively and larger than that of the pure-mont (1.142 nm). The organoclay was completely intercalated in the polyurethane, as confirmed by a wide angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD) pattern. Polyurethane/clay nanocomposites were prepared by a pre-polymer method and were evaluated by fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra to determine micro-domain structures of segmented PU, CTAB-mont-PU 1, 3, 5 wt% and ODA-mont-PU 1, 3, 5 wt%. The morphology of the nanocomposites was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the pattern showed that all of the nanocomposites produced from this work are of the intercalated type. These were further confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) when the surfaces of the materials were studied. Thermal stability was investigated with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that adding clay demonstrated better thermal stability in comparison with the virgin polyurethane. Onset degradation of pure PU is at 200 o C, and is lower than that of the CTAB-mont PU and ODA-mont PU which takes place at about 318 o C and 330 o C, respectively. The mechanical properties (including the dynamic mechanical properties) of pure polyurethane (PU) and PU/clay nanocomposites, were measured. The modified organoclay had a remarkably beneficial effect on the strength and elongation at break of the nanocomposites, which both increased with increasing clay content with the increase of the tensile strength of more than 214% and 267% by the addition of only 5 wt% of the montmorillonite CTAB-mont PU and ODA-mont PU, respectively

The Effect of Filler Content on Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene/Clay Nanocomposites

This study investigated the effect of filler content on mechanical properties of polypropylene. There are synthesis clay and un-synthesis clay used as filler content. Different ratio of clay in polypropylene to study which ratio has a better mechanical property. The tensile test was carried out using INSTRON5565 and the maximum stress, strain, and modulus of elasticity observed. The experimental results showed that polypropylene/clay nanocomposite has a higher maximum stress compare to pure polypropylene and un-synthesis clay. Besides that modulus of elasticity of specimen calculated and finds that it increased with increment filler content and strain did not affect by filler. The synthesis clay filled into polypropylene will have a better mechanical property.  Keywords: nanocomposite, polypropylene, synthesis cla

Sintesa dan Karakteristik Sifat Mekanik Karet Nanokomposit

Peningkatan sifat mekanik karet alam dengan penambahan tanah liat nanokomposit pada kosentrasi berbeda yaitu 1, 3 dan 5 % berat sudah berhasil diteliti. Pada percobaan ini pengujian dilakukan dengan X-Ray Difraction (X-RD) untuk analisa morphologi dan Instron untuk analisa uji tarik. Penambahan tanah liat nanokomposit kedalam matrik polimer adalah untuk meningkatkan sifat mekanik dari material asli dan juga untuk menghasilkan suatu produk polimer yang lebih murah. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah terjadinya peningkatan yang drastis terhadap basal spacing dari matrik polimer dan menunjukkan intercalasi diantara polimer dengan pengisinya. Uji tarik juga menununjukkan peningkatan yang sangat signifikan yaitu 14.983 MPa pada karet alam menjadi 40.178 MPa pada karet alam-tanah liat nanokomposit 5% berat.   Kata kunci: karet alam, sifat mekanik, tanah liat nanokomposi

Sintesa dan Karakteristik Sifat Mekanik Karet Nanokomposit

Peningkatan sifat mekanik karet alam dengan penambahan tanah liat nanokomposit pada kosentrasi berbeda yaitu 1, 3 dan 5 % berat sudah berhasil diteliti. Pada percobaan ini pengujian dilakukan dengan X-Ray Difraction (X-RD) untuk analisa morphologi dan Instron untuk analisa uji tarik. Penambahan tanah liat nanokomposit kedalam matrik polimer adalah untuk meningkatkan sifat mekanik dari material asli dan juga untuk menghasilkan suatu produk polimer yang lebih murah. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah terjadinya peningkatan yang drastis terhadap basal spacing dari matrik polimer dan menunjukkan intercalasi diantara polimer dengan pengisinya. Uji tarik juga menununjukkan peningkatan yang sangat signifikan yaitu 14.983 MPa pada karet alam menjadi 40.178 MPa pada karet alam-tanah liat nanokomposit 5% berat.Kata kunci: karet alam, sifat mekanik, tanah liat nanokomposi

Effect of surface modification on mechanical properties of buri palm (corypha utan) fibre composite reinforcement

Natural fibre materials are replacing synthetic fibre materials since they are considered as a low-cost, lightweight, and biodegradability engineering materials with a good specific strength. However, the effects of some process and geometrical parameters (such as fibre type, size, and concentration, and chemical modification) on the strength of the final natural composite product are not well documented. The purpose of the research is to analyse the physical and mechanical properties of single-strand buri palm fibre under different conditions and surface modification. The buri palm fibre was treated using 5 wt.% and 10 wt.% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with a duration of 1 and 24 h immersion throughout the whole process. For a single-strand test, the samples were carefully extracted from the corresponding woven fibre by hand. While the woven buri palm fibre composite was fabricated by employing 4 and 5-layering sequences in the hand lay�up technique followed by the compression method. The buri palm fibre showed that a higher concentration of NaOH solution and immersion period led to a lower density. The effectiveness of the alkali treatment in the removal of cellulose and hemicellulose from the fibre strands was verified by chemical composition in FTIR investigation. The highest tensile strength of 159.16 MPa was indicated from the result of single-strand treated with 5 wt.% NaOH for 24 h immersion. This treatment was found as the most appropriate treatment and is employed to fabricate both 4-layer and 5-layer stacking sequence composite. The 5-layer treated composite gives the highest tensile strength and flexural strength of 33.51 MPa and 56.72 MPa, respectively. In conclusion, the mechanical properties increased with the addition of each sequence layering treated fibres in the composite. The obtained results indicate that the utilisation of buri palm fibre as a reinforcement in the epoxy composite can be used in the lightweight and moderate load applications, such as the interior parts in the automotive industry

Green composites of natural fiber bamboo/pineapple leaf/coconut husk as hybrid materials

Natural fiber reinforced polymer composite materials have been investigated for mechanical properties using by Universal Testing Machine (UTM) and structures of the fractured surfaces through optical and electron microscopy scanning with materials from natural fiber synthesis are bamboo fiber, pineapple leaf and coconut fiber mixed in polyester resin to be a hybrid composite material to see the best characteristics of tensile test properties. Mixing of natural fibers (filler) with polyester (matrix) has been developed as a renewable material. The results showed that the incorporation of bamboo-pineapple leaf-husk fiber have optimum tensile strength value 366 Mpa wirh flexural strength 0.302 Mpa. This is due to the presence of bamboo fiber has a high content of cellulose that can to replaced the failure in pineapple leafs and coconut fiber and make the hybrid composites not only as a strong material but biodegradable too

Making Polyurethanes from castor oil with addition of bentonite and chitosan as coating paints on eco-friendly medical device applications

Polyurethane-based vegetable oil coatings have been used in the past few decades considering the use of petrochemical-based raw materials is a non-renewable material. Vegetable oils used such as soybean oil, palm oil, and castor oil. They have lower environmental impacts, easy availability and biodegradation. In this study, polyurethane synthesis was carried out using the prepolymer method using the reaction of TDI with polyols based on castor oil. To provide anti-microbial properties of polyurethane, a composite method of polyurethane with chitosan was carried out. Whereas to provide heat resistance properties in polyurethane bentonite is added to polyurethane. Polyurethane/bentonite/nanocomposite chitosan was analyzed using the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra (FTIR) to determine the microstructure of chemical compounds, Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) for viewing polyurethane/bentonite/chitosan heat resistance, and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to see the morphology of polyurethane/bentonite/chitosan. FTIR analysis have shown the formation of hydroxyl groups in the compound epoxide castor oil, the reaction lasts for 2.5 hours at 50 °C as evidenced by the absorption of OH wave numbers which widens at 3500 cm−1, the hydroxy group formed is the hydroxy group on C atoms secondary, and bentonite NH 3450 cm−1, chitosan cluster C = O urethane widened at 1772 cm−1. TGA analysis have pure polyurethane begins to decrease in mass at 246 °C, while polyurethane with the addition of filler decreases mass at 342 °C

Bio-Nanocomposite Polyurethane / Clay / Chitosan Paints that have thermal resistance and antibacterial properties for biomedical applications

The coating material used for the manufacture of polyurethane paints is a coating of hybrid organic-inorganic materials based on palm oil (oleic acid). Polyols are produced from the synthesis of oleic acid by adding organic and inorganic ingredients. Chitosan and bentonite are organic and inorganic elements, which are used to improve thermal capability and antibacterial properties of polyurethane paint produced. Hybrid bentonite-chitosan is then synthesized with polyols and isocyanate is added, namely TDI (Toluene Diisocyanate) to form polyurethane. In the FTIR spectrum of the polyol on O-H bond at Wavelength 3210.25 cm-1, C-H bond at Wavelength 2856.87 cm-1 and C = O bond at Wavelength 1610.86 cm-1, and hybrid bentonitechitosan of FTIR Analysis Chitosan: -OH group at Wavelength 3250 cm-1, N-H at 3545 cm-1, C = O at wavelength 1681 cm-1, C-H group at Wavelength 2810 cm-1. Bentonite: -OH group at Wavelength 3435 cm-1, Si-O group at Wavelength of 1161 cm-1 and Al-O and Si-O groups at Wavelength 820 cm-1. Aliphatic C-H Cluster at 2815 cm-1 Wavelength and 1125 cm-1 Wavelength indicates the presence of a C-O group. While the results of SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) from polyurethane products and with the addition of hybrid bentonite-chitosan namely polyurethane paints produced mixed with chemicals and the main ingredients are polyols from palm oil (oleic acid) while small white clumps greyish namely hybrid bentonite-chitosan which has been mixed into polyurethane paint. This study produced a hybrid material of benthicchitosan as a filler in the manufacture of polyurethane paint

Synthesis and characterization of PLA-Chitosan-ZnO composite for packaging biofilms

This research was conducted to improve the characteristics of PLA-Chitosan-ZnO composites. Composites are synthesized from the matrix of Poly lactic acid by modifying Chitosan and Zinc oxide (ZnO) fillers. The purpose of this study was to look at the mechanical, thermal and morphological characteristics seen from the composite. Basically, the bond between PLA and CS is very weak, so to increase the strength of the bond by entering ZnO; thus advancing overall quality (mechanical, thermal and water absorption) of composites (PLA / CS / ZnO). The mechanical properties of composites are enhanced by the addition of ZnO NP into the PLA / CS matrix. However, the tensile strength, modulus, and breakout extension increased to 2wt% of ZnO NP loading but decreased when ZnO NP content increased by 3wt%. This is consistent with the dispersion of homogeneous ZnO particles in the PLA matrix. Combining ZnO particles increases PLA thermal stability. Thus, ZnO has been shown to have potential as an amplifier in biocomposite synthesis with better integrity, although other approaches, such as the use of compatibilizers in ZnO surface modification, will be needed to improve PLA properties simultaneously. The results obtained in this work can be used on environmentally friendly films