Solar Radiation Atlas for Spain based on Surface Irradiance Data from EUMETSAT Climate Monitoring-SAF

Conferencia presentada en: 2012 EUMETSAT Meteorological Satellite Conference celebrado del 3-7 de septiembre en Sopot, PolandA Solar Radiation Atlas for Spain has been performed using monthly mean data provided by the EUMETSAT Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring (CM-SAF) for the period 1983-2005 and 0.03ºx0.03º spatial resolution. The main goal of this work was to obtain a high spacial resolution climatological characterization for incident surface irradiance in Spain. Surface incoming solar radiation (SIS) and direct irradiance (SID) variables from CM-SAF data sets have been used in order to discern direct and diffuse components from global irradiance. These data are derived from the information provided by MVIRI instrument onboard the Meteosat First Generation (MFG) satellites and using the MAGICSOL algorithm. There are shown maps, graphics and tables of monthly, seasonal and annual means for global, direct and diffuse irradiance on horizontal plane. In addition, in order to geographically characterize SIS and SID uncertainties, derived satellite data have been validated against 29 ground-based stations belonging to AEMET (Spanish Meteorological Agency) National Radiometric Network. The estimated relative Mean Absolute Difference (MAD) is less than 7% indicating a good performance of the algorithm used and a remarkable high quality of SIS and SID datasets

Sustainability

The use of an internal heat exchanger in vapor compression refrigeration systems of one stage is a common practice because it helps to increase the cooling capacity in the evaporator. Furthermore, the use of refrigerants with low global warming potential is becoming more frequent due to environmental regulations worldwide. Thus, this paper presents an evaluation of the improvement produced by the inclusion of an internal heat exchanger cycle (IHXC) in an experimental installation from the viewpoint of exergy, economic and environmental through to exergy, exergoeconomics, and Specific Life Cycle Climate Performance (SLCCP) studies. The tests were conducted using R1234ze(E) as a replacement alternative to R134a in three evaporating temperature conditions: 4 °C, 9 °C, and 14 °C. Comparisons were made considering R134a in BRC mode versus R1234ze(E) in BRC and IHXC modes. Results show that a lower environmental impact is produced by an evaporating temperature of 14 °C with a reduction in SLCCP of 13.3% using IHXC and R1234ze(E). Moreover, the highest increase in exergy efficiency was observed for an evaporating temperature of 4 °C, with this increase being 9%, while the lowest increase in the total cost rate was observed for the same evaporating temperature, being 12.3% and 21.2% for BRC and IHXC modes using R1234ze(E), respectivelyMDPI Academic Open Access Publishinghttps://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/10/600

Caracterização do processo de pirólise de resíduos de polistireno expandido

From the different existing methods for plastic recycling, pyrolysis offers the possibility of solving mechanical recycling limitations, which requires large amounts of clean, separate and homogeneous plastic waste in order to be able to guarantee the quality of the final product. In pyrolysis, it is not necessary to classify or clean the different types of plastic waste and it is possible to process waste contaminated with food and chemical products, such as insecticides, herbicides and fertilizers, reducing classification and cleaning costs. Pyrolysis consists of the chemical decomposition of plastic materials by thermal degradation in the absence of oxygen. In this work the results obtained from the pyrolysis ofwaste expanded polystyrene (EPS) in a batch reactor, varying the pyrolysis temperature are presented. It was experimented with a mass of 500 g and temperatures of 350, 400 and 450 ° C. The results indicate that the highest conversion performance in to liquid hydrocarbon was obtained at a temperature of 450 ° C. The lowest yield of liquid hydrocarbon was obtained at the temperature 350 ° C.De los diferentes métodos existentes para el reciclaje de plástico, la pirólisis ofrece la posibilidad de resolver las limitaciones del reciclado mecánico, el cual necesita grandes cantidades de residuos plásticos limpios, separados y homogéneos para poder garantizar la calidad del producto final. En la pirólisis, no es necesaria la clasificación ni limpieza de los distintos tipos de residuos plásticos y es posible procesar residuos contaminados con alimentos y productos químicos, como insecticidas, herbicidas y fertilizantes, reduciendocostos de clasificación y limpieza. La pirólisis consiste en la descomposición química de los materiales plásticos por degradación térmica en ausencia de oxígeno. En este trabajo se presentan los resultados obtenidos de la pirólisis de residuos de poliestireno expandido (EPS) en un reactor tipo batch, variando la temperatura de pirólisis. Se experimentó con una masa de 500 g y temperaturas de 350, 400 y 450 °C. Los resultados indican que el mayor rendimiento de conversión en hidrocarburo líquido fue a una temperatura de 450 °C. El menor rendimiento de hidrocarburo líquido se obtuvo a la temperatura de 350 °C.Dos diferentes métodos existentes para a reciclagem do plástico, a pirólise oferece a possibilidade de resolver as limitações da reciclagem mecânica, na qual requerse grandes quantidades de resíduos plásticos limpos, separados e homogéneos para garantir a qualidade do produto final. Na pirólise, não é necessário classificar ou limpar os diferentes tipos de resíduos plásticos e é possível processar resíduos contaminados com alimentos e produtos químicos, como inseticidas, herbicidas e fertilizantes, reduzindo os custos de classificação e limpeza. A pirólise consiste na decomposição química de materiais plásticos por degradação térmica na ausência de oxigênio. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados obtidos da pirólise de resíduos de poliestireno expandido (EPS) em um reator tipo batelada, alterando a temperatura de pirólise. Os teste forem realizados com uma massa de 500 g e temperaturas de 350, 400 e 450 ° C. Os resultados indicam que a maior eficiência de conversão em hidrocarboneto líquido foi a uma temperatura de 450 ° C. O menor rendimento de hidrocarboneto líquido foi obtido a uma temperatura de 350 ° C

Atlas de radiación solar en España utilizando datos del SAF de Clima de EUMETSAT

A lo largo de este Atlas se recogen mapas, gráficos y tablas de los valores medios mensuales, estacionales y anuales de las variables superficiales de radiación solar global, directa y difusa en plano horizontal con una resolución de 3x3km a partir del conjunto de datos satelitales obtenidos por el CM-SAF para el periodo 1983-2005.El objetivo de este Atlas es disponer de una referencia actualizada del promedio de la radiación solar que llega a la superficie terrestre en España con una alta resolución espacial. Los datos de partida son los productos satelitales obtenidos por el CM-SAF (Climate Satellite Application Facilities) de la agencia para la explotación de los satélites meteorológicos europeos, EUMETSAT, en su faceta de vigilancia del clima. El documento contiene su validación frente a una serie de estaciones de referencia de la Red Radiométrica Nacional de AEMET con objeto de proporcionar una estimación de su incertidumbre

Atlas de radiación solar en España utilizando datos del SAF de clima de EUMETSAT

A lo largo de este Atlas se recogen mapas, gráficos y tablas de los valores medios mensuales, estacionales y anuales de las variables superficiales de radiación solar global, directa y difusa en plano horizontal con una resolución de 3x3km a partir del conjunto de datos satelitales obtenidos por el CM-SAF para el periodo 1983-2005.El objetivo de este Atlas es disponer de una referencia actualizada del promedio de la radiación solar que llega a la superficie terrestre en España con una alta resolución espacial. Los datos de partida son los productos satelitales obtenidos por el CM-SAF (Climate Satellite Application Facilities) de la agencia para la explotación de los satélites meteorológicos europeos, EUMETSAT, en su faceta de vigilancia del clima. El documento contiene su validación frente a una serie de estaciones de referencia de la Red Radiométrica Nacional de AEMET con objeto de proporcionar una estimación de su incertidumbre

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science

In this paper, an Artificial Neural Network soft matrix correlation to estimate the pressure drop of air-water two-phase flow is developed. The applicability of the model is extended by using dimensionless physical numbers as inputs (Air-Reynolds number, Water-Reynolds number, and the ratio of Air Inertial Forces to Water Inertial Forces), so the model can be implemented for vertical pipes with the proper combination of diameter-velocity-density-viscosity allowing estimations of dimensional numbers within the range of: Air-Reynolds numbers (430–6100), Water-Reynolds number (2400–7200), and Air-Water-Inertial forces ratio (1.6–1834), including the diameter range from 3 to 28 mm. Experimental measurements of frictional pressure drop of water-air mixtures are determined at different conditions. A search of the most suitable density, viscosity, and friction models was conducted and used in the model. The performance of the proposed ANN correlation is compared against published expressions showing good approximation to experimental data; results indicate that the most used correlations are within a mean relative error (mre) of 23.9–30.7%, while the proposed ANN has a mre = 0.9%. Two additional features are discussed: i) the applicability and generality of the ANN using untrained data, ii) the applicability in laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow regimen. To take the approach beyond a robust performance mapping, the methodology to translate the ANN into a programmable equation is presented.Sage JOURNALhttps://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0954406221102032

Caracterización de chorros Diesel evaporados en segundo régimen de rotura

En el presente trabajo se ha caracterizado el comportamiento macroscópico de la penetración de la fase líquida de chorros Diesel evaporados. El principal objetivo de esta investigación es establecer una correlación que permita predecir el comportamiento de la penetración de la fase líquida en segundo régimen de rotura bajo diferentes condiciones termodinámicas (densidad y temperatura del gas en la cámara de combustión) y parámetros de inyección (presión de inyección y diámetro del orificio de la tobera). In the present work the macroscopic behavior of the liquid length penetration on evaporating diesel sprays has been characterized. The main objective of this research is to establish a correlation that allows the prediction of the liquid length penetration behavior in second break-up time under different thermodynamic conditions (gas density and temeprature in the combustion chamber) and injection parameters (injection pressure and nozzle hole diameter)

SAGE Journals

n this paper, an Artificial Neural Network soft matrix correlation to estimate the pressure drop of air-water two-phase flow is developed. The applicability of the model is extended by using dimensionless physical numbers as inputs (Air-Reynolds number, Water-Reynolds number, and the ratio of Air Inertial Forces to Water Inertial Forces), so the model can be implemented for vertical pipes with the proper combination of diameter-velocity-density-viscosity allowing estimations of dimensional numbers within the range of: Air-Reynolds numbers (430–6100), Water-Reynolds number (2400–7200), and Air-Water-Inertial forces ratio (1.6–1834), including the diameter range from 3 to 28 mm. Experimental measurements of frictional pressure drop of water-air mixtures are determined at different conditions. A search of the most suitable density, viscosity, and friction models was conducted and used in the model. The performance of the proposed ANN correlation is compared against published expressions showing good approximation to experimental data; results indicate that the most used correlations are within a mean relative error (mre) of 23.9–30.7%, while the proposed ANN has a mre = 0.9%. Two additional features are discussed: i) the applicability and generality of the ANN using untrained data, ii) the applicability in laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow regimen. To take the approach beyond a robust performance mapping, the methodology to translate the ANN into a programmable equation is presented.Revista SAGE Journal on-linehttps://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0954406221102032