The Trade and Gender Nexus in Pakistan

Contemporary trade policy has been driven by an apparent consensus regarding the employment-related benefits of economic openness and export-led growth that often ignores their dispersion by sector and gender. Whilst trade may be an enabling mechanism for the most capable workers in formal sectors, it may also exclude or relegate others to less visible informal workplaces. To appreciate the processes and perceptions underlying these differential outcomes, this research paper investigates the stories of Pakistani women as workers, farmers and entrepreneurs across a range of economic sectors. Through this lens we supplement the literature that focuses on the structure of trade and the economy by the thoughts of female participants themselves. We identify systematic but often hidden obstacles to female employment and entrepreneurial opportunities across the entire socioeconomic spectrum. These include visible issues (such as capacity building) as well as less but equally important visible ones (such as implicit institutional bias). We find these are manifest not only in terms of human capacity building but effective capacity utilisation. This paper thereby offers insights into the complexities of gender-related aspects of employment and trade

Police education and democratic policing in Taiwan: a longitudinal quasi-experimental study of the effects of selection and police socialisation on human rights, moral reasoning and prejudice

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of selection and group socialisation on support of human rights, moral reasoning and prejudice in police officers in Taiwan. METHODS: We used a longitudinal quasi-experimental design to track three cohorts of police officers (n = 585) and a comparison group of criminology undergraduates (n = 43). RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in measures of human rights, moral reasoning and prejudice between new police recruits and the control group. However, time in police education was associated with a statistically significant reduction in police officer support of human rights, moral reasoning and an increase in prejudice. In the control group, the reverse was true. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to police education in Taiwan resulted in police officers being significantly more prejudiced and significantly less adherent to the principles of human rights and moral reasoning. These results appear to be attributable to police socialisation rather than selection effects

Two Contributions to the Ac Conductivity of Alkali Oxide Glasses

Although the frequency dependent conductivity of ion-containing glasses often displays scale invariant power law dispersion at high temperatures, the exponent increases to unity at lower temperatures. We report measurements of the conductivity of a series of alkali metaphosphate glasses including a mixed alkali composition and demonstrate that this temperature dependence results from the superposition of two power law dispersions originating from separate mechanism, and does not indicate any intrinsic change in scaling of the process which dominates at high temperatures. © 1995 The American Physical Society

Anomalous-diffusion Model of Ionic Transport in Oxide Glasses

The power-law frequency dependence of both the conductivity, (), and permittivity, (), of ion-conducting materials suggests that self-similar or scale-invariant behavior influences the transport of ions at high frequencies. Using an anomalous-diffusion model, we derive relevant power-law expressions for () and () and compare these with measurements performed on LiPO3 glass. Superior fits to the measured data are obtained compared to the commonly used Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts (KWW) description of the electrical modulus, most particularly in the notorious high-frequency regime. Evaluation of our results in terms of an anomalous-diffusion model suggests the dominance of interaction-based constraints to diffusion. © 1995 The American Physical Society

Scaling Parallels in the Non-Debye Dielectric Relaxation of Ionic Glasses and Dipolar Supercooled Liquids

We compare the dielectric response of ionic glasses and dipolar liquids near the glass transition. Our work is divided into two parts. In the first section we examine ionic glasses and the two prominent approaches to analyzing the dielectric response. The conductivity of ion-conducting glasses displays a power law dispersion σ(ω)∞ωn, where n≈0.67, but frequently the dielectric response is analyzed using the electrical modulus M*(ω) = 1/ε*(ω), where ε*(ω) = ε(ω) - iσ(ω)/ω is the complex permittivity. We reexamine two specific examples where the shape of M*(ω) changes in response to changes in (a) temperature and (b) ion concentration, to suggest fundamental changes in ion dynamics are occurring. We show, however, that these changes in the shape of M*(ω) occur in the absence of changes in the scaling properties of σ(ω), for which n remains constant. In the second part, we examine the dielectric relaxation found in dipolar liquids, for which ε*(ω) likewise exhibits changes in shape on approach to the glass transition. Guided by similarities of M*(ω) in ionic glasses and ε*(ω) in dipolar liquids, we demonstrate that a recent scaling approach proposed by Dixon and co-workers for ε*(ω) of dipolar relaxation also appears valid for M*(ω) in the ionic case. While this suggests that the Dixon scaling approach is more universal than previously recognized, we demonstrate how the dielectric response can be scaled in a linear manner using an alternative data representation

Regarding the Correlation of Nuclear Spin Relaxation and Electrical Conductivity Relaxation in Ionic Glasses

Much attention has been focused recently on the apparent differences between ion dynamics in ion-containing glasses as probed by electrical conductivity relaxation (ECR) and by nuclear spin relaxation (NSR) techniques. In both relaxation processes, a power law frequency dependence is observed. Based upon fluctuation-dissipation arguments, the power law exponents should be equivalent. However, experimentally, it appears that the conductivity exponent is generally smaller than the NSR exponent. While an explanation for this discrepancy based upon fundamental differences in the correlation functions probed by the two techniques has been proffered, we show how this discrepancy may simply arise from differing analyses of the ac conductivity. We review several cases taken from the literature in which the conductivity exponent was obtained from analysis of the electrical modulus. We demonstrate how this analysis approach generally underestimates the conductivity exponent. When we instead determine the exponent directly from the ac conductivity, we find near equivalence between the NSR and ECR exponents

Repeat and Near Repeat Burglary Victimization in Taiwan

Extensive evidence shows that repeat victimization is common and widespread, but studies on the prevalence of repeat victimization in Asia are limited. This study examines the extent and patterns of repeat and near-repeat burglary victimization in Taiwan using both 2015 Taiwan Area Victimization Survey data and police recorded burglary data. Results indicated that: (1) burglaries against the same household in Taiwan are highly concentrated (with the top 10% most burgled households making up around 30% of reported victimizations), more so than is often found in many Western countries; (2) the risk of (repeat) burglary is not consistently spread over space and time, particularly within the 100-m range of an initial burglary incident; and (3) the levels of near repeat burglaries identified in this study are notably lower than was observed in prior studies both in China and in many western countries. The findings highlight the value of developing prevention strategies specifically targeting repeat burglary victimization

Increased Radiative Lifetime of Rare Earth-doped Zinc Oxyhalide Tellurite Glasses

We have investigated the structural and optical properties of rare earth-doped zinc tellurite glasses modified by the substitution of ZnF2. Raman and phonon sideband spectroscopies were employed to characterize changes in the glass structure as well as to probe vibrational behavior in the immediate vicinity of the rare earth ion. These measurements are combined with photoluminescence and optical absorption to monitor the effect of halide substitution upon the optical behavior of the rare earth dopant. A substantial increase in the intrinsic radiative lifetime of Nd3+ is observed with increasing halide concentration

Evolutionary Psychological Influences on the Contemporary Causes of Terrorist Events

In this chapter we integrate the concept of ultimate causation derived from evolutionary psychology (i.e., why have human behavioural tendencies evolved the way they did?) with the proximal situational perspective of causal mechanisms and goals (i.e. immediate causes of behaviour and events), with the view to better understand, predict and prevent terrorist behaviour and events. The developmental perspective, while important, is not central to our current analysis. Those working in crime science, and more especially situational crime prevention, have only recently begun to show an interest in terrorism, while to the best of our knowledge there appears to be little research linking situational theories, EP and crime or terrorist behaviour. It is our contention that EP has something useful to say about how we respond to and act on information in the immediate environment, and that a better appreciation of evolutionary influences on person-situation interactions might helpfully inform efforts to reduce the proximal causes of crime and terrorist behaviour or disrupt criminals'/terrorists' proximally-active, tactical goals. The chapter is structured as follows. We begin by setting out some prevalent misconceptions about EP that we argue account for the lack of interest in the approach among terrorist researchers, and that need to be dispelled before we can proceed with our proposed analysis. Next, we set out the parameters of our analysis, and describe terrorism in a manner that is amenable to an evolutionary perspective. Given the difficulties in defining terrorism, we select the concept of tribalism as a significant exemplar of a terrorism-supporting mechanism and our focus for analysis. We move then to the main goal of this chapter: integrating the proposed causes of terrorist behaviour, from ultimate causes rooted in our evolutionary past to proximal causes and goals in the immediate environment. This analysis is conducted within the framework of the Conjunction of Terrorist Opportunity, a conceptual model that seeks to link a range of situational and offender-based, proximal causes of terrorist events. We conclude by reflecting on the implications of our exercise for research and prevention

Investigating discrepancies between experimental solid-state NMR and GIPAW calculation : NC–N 13C and OH⋯O 1H chemical shifts in pyridinium fumarates and their cocrystals

An NMR crystallography analysis is presented for four solid-state structures of pyridine fumarates and their cocrystals, using crystal structures deposited in the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, CCDC. Experimental one-dimensional, one-pulse 1H and 13C cross-polarisation (CP) magic-angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and two-dimensional 14N–1H heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence MAS NMR spectra are compared with gauge-including projector augmented wave (GIPAW) calculations of the 1H and 13C chemical shifts and the 14N shifts that additionally depend on the quadrupolar interaction. Considering the high ppm (>10 ppm) 1H resonances, while there is good agreement (within 0.4 ppm) between experiment and GIPAW calculation for the hydrogen-bonded NH moieties, the hydrogen-bonded fumaric acid OH resonances are 1.2–1.9 ppm higher in GIPAW calculation as compared to experiment. For the cocrystals of a salt and a salt formed by 2-amino-5-methylpyridinium and 2-amino-6-methylpyridinium ions, a large discrepancy of 4.2 and 5.9 ppm between experiment and GIPAW calculation is observed for the quaternary ring carbon 13C resonance that is directly bonded to two nitrogens (in the ring and in the amino group). By comparison, there is excellent agreement (within 0.2 ppm) for the quaternary ring carbon 13C resonance directly bonded to the ring nitrogen for the salt and cocrystal of a salt formed by 2,6-lutidinium and 2,5-lutidine, respectively