Additional file 1: Table S1. of Forewing color pattern in Micropterigidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera): homologies between contrast boundaries, and a revised hypothesis for the origin of symmetry systems

Non-Sabatinca wing pattern variation. Table S2. Sabatinca wing pattern variation from New Zealand. Table S3. Sabatinca wing pattern variation from New Caledonia. (DOC 145 kb

Data_Sheet_1_Chatbots for embarrassing and stigmatizing conditions: could chatbots encourage users to seek medical advice?.docx

BackgroundChatbots are increasingly being used across a wide range of contexts. Medical chatbots have the potential to improve healthcare capacity and provide timely patient access to health information. Chatbots may also be useful for encouraging individuals to seek an initial consultation for embarrassing or stigmatizing conditions.MethodThis experimental study used a series of vignettes to test the impact of different scenarios (experiencing embarrassing vs. stigmatizing conditions, and sexual vs. non-sexual symptoms) on consultation preferences (chatbot vs. doctor), attitudes toward consultation methods, and expected speed of seeking medical advice.ResultsThe findings show that the majority of participants preferred doctors over chatbots for consultations across all conditions and symptom types. However, more participants preferred chatbots when addressing embarrassing sexual symptoms, compared with other symptom categories. Consulting with a doctor was believed to be more accurate, reassuring, trustworthy, useful and confidential than consulting with a medical chatbot, but also more embarrassing and stressful. Consulting with a medical chatbot was believed to be easier and more convenient, but also more frustrating. Interestingly, people with an overall preference for chatbots believed this method would encourage them to seek medical advice earlier than those who would prefer to consult with a doctor.ConclusionsThe findings highlight the potential role of chatbots in addressing embarrassing sexual symptoms. Incorporating chatbots into healthcare systems could provide a faster, more accessible and convenient route to health information and early diagnosis, as individuals may use them to seek earlier consultations.</p

Additional file 3: of Evolutionary analysis of mitochondrially encoded proteins of toad-headed lizards, Phrynocephalus, along an altitudinal gradient

Multiple sequence alignment was used in statistical coupling analyses for ND proteins. (XLS 224 kb

Additional file 4: of Evolutionary analysis of mitochondrially encoded proteins of toad-headed lizards, Phrynocephalus, along an altitudinal gradient

ML tree for Phrynocephalus inferred from 15,417 bp of mtDNA (6 partitions; GTRGAMMA model for each). Values on nodes are bootstrap proportions (2000 bootstraps). (DOCX 172 kb

Additional file 1: of Evolutionary analysis of mitochondrially encoded proteins of toad-headed lizards, Phrynocephalus, along an altitudinal gradient

Voucher specimen and mitogenome used in selection analyses. (DOC 49 kb

Circulating Hsp60.

<p>(A) Hsp60 levels, as measured by Hsp60 ELISA Kit (Stressgen, Ann Arbor, MI, USA), are shown for plasma samples from 20 HIV-infected patients before and after cART, and for plasma samples from 25 individuals seeking non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis who emerged to be HIV negative. For cohort details see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045291#pone.0045291.s002" target="_blank">Table S1</a>. Statistical comparisons between groups by the non-parametric Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. (B) Hsp60 – plasma levels of Hsp60 before and after cART (the same data as shown in A), with data from each patient treated as a matched pair and represented by a single line. HIV RNA – HIV RNA copies per ml before and after cART, with data from each patient treated as a matched pair. CD4 count – CD4 counts before and after cART, with data from each patient treated as a matched pair. Dotted lines represent patients who were also seropositive for Hepatitis C. Statistical analysis used the non-parametric Wilcoxon matched-pair signed-rank test.</p

Hsp60 correlations with biomarkers.

<p>Correlations between plasma Hsp60 levels and plasma viral loads (HIV RNA), blood CD4 counts (CD4 count), plasma LPS levels (LPS) and plasma soluble CD14 levels (sCD14). Statistical analysis was performed using Spearman's rank correlation test; both p values and Spearman rank correlation coefficients (rho) are shown.</p

Data_Sheet_1_Health stigma on Twitter: investigating the prevalence and type of stigma communication in tweets about different conditions and disorders.docx

BackgroundHealth-related stigma can act as a barrier to seeking treatment and can negatively impact wellbeing. Comparing stigma communication across different conditions may generate insights previously lacking from condition-specific approaches and help to broaden our understanding of health stigma as a whole.MethodA sequential explanatory mixed-methods approach was used to investigate the prevalence and type of health-related stigma on Twitter by extracting 1.8 million tweets referring to five potentially stigmatized health conditions and disorders (PSHCDs): Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), Diabetes, Eating Disorders, Alcoholism, and Substance Use Disorders (SUD). Firstly, 1,500 tweets were manually coded by stigma communication type, followed by a larger sentiment analysis (n = 250,000). Finally, the most prevalent category of tweets, “Anti-Stigma and Advice” (n = 273), was thematically analyzed to contextualize and explain its prevalence.ResultsWe found differences in stigma communication between PSHCDs. Tweets referring to substance use disorders were frequently accompanied by messages of societal peril. Whereas, HIV/AIDS related tweets were most associated with potential labels of stigma communication. We found consistencies between automatic tools for sentiment analysis and manual coding of stigma communication. Finally, the themes identified by our thematic analysis of anti-stigma and advice were Social Understanding, Need for Change, Encouragement and Support, and Information and Advice.ConclusionsDespite one third of health-related tweets being manually coded as potentially stigmatizing, the notable presence of anti-stigma suggests that efforts are being made by users to counter online health stigma. The negative sentiment and societal peril associated with substance use disorders reflects recent suggestions that, though attitudes have improved toward physical diseases in recent years, stigma around addiction has seen little decline. Finally, consistencies between our manual coding and automatic tools for identifying language features of harmful content, suggest that machine learning approaches may be a reasonable next step for identifying general health-related stigma online.</p

Circulating Hsp10.

<p>(A) Plasma Hsp10 levels in 20 HIV patients before and after cART, and Hsp10 levels in samples from 23 HIV-negative individuals, as measured by an in-house Hsp10 capture ELISA. Statistical comparisons between groups by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. (HIV negative samples were obtained from both plasma and commercially available serum samples; Hsp10 levels were not significantly different in plasma and serum – <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045291#pone.0045291.s002" target="_blank">Table S1</a>). (B) Hsp10 levels (the same data as shown in A) with data from each patient treated as a matched pair and represented by a single line. Statistics by Wilcoxon matched-pair signed-rank test.</p

Effect of electrode configuration on NO_x removal efficiency.

<p><b>a</b>) at 9.9 kV_PP and different pulse frequencies b) at 19.2 kHz pulse frequency and different applied voltage.</p