Uloga medicinske sestre u prevenciji suicidalnosti

Stope samoubojstva su više u gradskim nego u seoskim područjima. Samoubojstvo je među 10 prvih uzroka smrti. Na samoubojstvo se odnosi 30% smrti među studentima i na 10% smrti ljudi u dobi između 25-34 godine života. Međutim, više od 70% osoba koje izvrše samoubojstvo su u dobi iznad 40-te godine života, a učestalost jako raste u onih iznad 60-te godine života, naročito kod muškaraca. Psihički poremećaji nisu uzrok suicida, no više od 90% od ukupnog suicida događa se u osoba s dijagnozom nekog od psihijatrijskih poremećaja. Većina psihijatrijskih bolesnika koji počine suicid događa se u prvih nekoliko tjedana nakon otpusta iz bolnice. Najčešći povezani psihijatrijski poremećaji su bipolarni afektivni poremećaj (15-18% rizika), depresija, alkoholizam i druge ovisnosti (10-15%), shizofrenija (5%), poremećaji ličnosti (5-10%), anksiozni poremećaji, PTSP, delirij. Motivi za suicid su svjesni i nesvjesni, a ako nisu uzrokovani psihičkim poremećajima, mogu se pokušati objasniti kao autonomna odluka osobe koja više ne želi živjeti pod uvjetima koji su u apsolutnom neskladu sa njenim sustavom vrijednosti ili nemogućnosti prihvaćanja nepodnošljive situacije. To je čin u kojem se težnja za smrću, isprepliće sa pozivom u pomoć, za životom, upućeno okolini suicidalne osobe. Prevencija suicidalnosti dijeli se na primarnu prevenciju koja ima za cilj spriječiti neke pojave što u odnosu na suicid znači poduzeti aktivnosti koje će smanjiti pojavnost suicidalnog ponašanja. Sekundarna prevencija obuhvaća aktivnosti koje su usmjerene na ranu i učinkovitu dijagnostiku, otkrivanje problema i poduzimanje aktivnosti da se problem riješi. Tercijarna prevencija obuhvaća aktivnosti čiji je cilj poboljšanjem kvalitete tretmana i smanjenje invaliditeta nakon tretmana te bilo kakovih psihičkih poremećaja. U ovom radu biti će riječi o povijesti suicida, koji su čimbenici rizika, uzrocima, prevenciji, motivima i tipovima suicida te kod kojih psihijatrijskih poremećaja najčešće dolazi do suicida.Suicide rates are higher in urban than in rural areas. It is one of the top 10 causes of death. Suicide refers to 30% of deaths among students and 10% of deaths of people aged from 25 to 34. However, more than 70% of people who commit suicide are over 40 years of age, and the frequency grows rapidly among those over the age of 60, especially in men. Mental disorders are not the cause of suicide, but more than 90% of total suicide occurs in people diagnosed with some psychiatric disorders. Most suicides committed by psychiatric patients happen in the first few weeks after they are discharged from the hospital. The most commonly associated psychiatric disorders are bipolar affective disorders (15-18% risk), depression, alcoholism and other addictions (10-15%), schizophrenia (5%), personality disorders (5-10%), anxiety disorders, PTSD, delirium. The motives for suicide are conscious and unconscious, and if they are not caused by mental disorders, they can be explained as an autonomous decision of a person who no longer wants to live under conditions that are in absolute discrepancy with its value system or the inability to accept some unbearable situations. It is an act in which the aspiration for death is intertwined with a call for help, for life, and it is addressed to the environment of a suicidal person. Prevention of suicidality is divided into primary prevention aimed at preventing some of the appearances which, in relation to suicide, means taking actions that will reduce the occurrence of suicidal behavior. Secondary prevention includes activities focused on early and effective diagnostics, problem solving, and taking actions to solve the problem. Tertiary prevention includes activities aimed at improving the quality of treatment and reducing disability after the treatment or any psychological disorders. This paper will discuss the history of suicide, which are risk factors, causes, prevention, motives and types of suicide, and which psychiatric disorders most commonly lead to suicide

The effect of structural changes during sintering on the electric and magnetic traits of the Ni96.7Mo3.3 alloy nanostructured powder

Ni96.7Mo3.3 powder was electrochemically obtained. An X-ray diffraction analysis determined that the powder consisted of a 20% amorphous and 80% crystalline phase. The crystalline phase consisted of a nanocrystalline solid nickel and molybdenum solution with a face-centred cubic (FCC) lattice with a high density of chaotically distributed dislocations and high microstrain value. The scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) showed that two particle structures were formed: larger cauliflower-like particles and smaller dendriteshaped ones. The thermal stability of the alloy was examined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and by measuring the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity and magnetic permeability. Structural powder relaxation was carried out in the temperature range of 450 K to 560 K causing considerable changes in the electrical resistivity and magnetic permeability. Upon structural relaxation, the magnetic permeability of the cooled alloy was about 80% higher than the magnetic permeability of the fresh powder. The crystallisation of the amorphous portion of the powder and crystalline grain increase occurred in the 630 K to 900 K temperature interval. Upon crystallisation of the amorphous phase and crystalline grain increase, the powder had about 50% lower magnetic permeability than the fresh powder and 3.6 times lower permeability than the powder where only structural relaxation took place

Razvoj titanskih RuO2/TiO2 anoda i uređaja za in situ proizvodnju aktivnog hlora

Chlorine is used worldwide for water disinfection purposes. However, due to its toxicity the EU has imposed a set of standards that must be applied when transporting and storing chlorine. In Serbia, numerous studies have been conducted attempting to develop the technology for the generation of active chlorine disinfectant but with a non-toxic aqueous solution of sodium chloride as the raw material. This study provides an overview of the titanium anodes activated by thermally obtained solid solution of ruthenium and titanium oxide development. It also presents new findings on the effect of the temperature of thermal treatment, the composition, the thickness of an active coating on its microstructural properties, and consequently on the catalytic activity, ion selectivity, and corrosion stability during active chlorine generation through the electrolysis of dilute sodium chloride solutions at room temperature. The study also evaluates the effect of the kinetic and operational parameters of the electrochemical process of active chlorine generation on both current and energy efficiencies. The results obtained were used to determine optimal values of technological parameters of the production process. This comprehensive research resulted in the construction of different types of remote-controlled and fully automated active chlorine generating plants.U radu je dat pregled razvoja aktivnih titanskih anoda za reakciju oksidacije hloridnih jona u istraživačkim laboratorijama u Srbiji. Prikazani su i novi rezultati istraživanja efekta temperature termičke obrade, sastava i debljine aktivne RuO2/TiO2 prevlake na titanu na njena mikrostrukturna svojstva i odraz ovih svojstava na katalitičku aktivnost, jonselektivnost i korozionu stabilnost u procesu dobijanja aktivnog hlora. Ustanovljen je i efekat kinetičkih i operativnih parametara procesa elektrolize razblaženih rastvora natrijum-hlorida na iskorišćenje struje i energije po aktivnom hloru. Na osnovu ovih ispitivanja konstruisana je ćelija za elektrolizu i utvrđene su optimalne vrednosti tehnoloških parametara procesa proizvodnje aktivnog hlora. Sveobuhvatna istraživanja rezultirala su konstrukcijom različitih tipova postrojenja za in situ proizvodnju aktivnog hlora

The influence of structural changes on electrical and magnetic characteristics of amorphous powder of the nixmoy alloy

Nickel and molybdenum alloy powder was electrodeposited on a titanium cathode from a NiSO4⋅7H2O and (NH4)6 Mo7O24⋅4H2O ammonium solution. The desired chemical composition, structure, size and shape of particles in the powder samples were achieved by an appropriate choice of electrolysis parameters (current density, composition and temperature of the solution, cathode material and electrolysis duration). Metal coatings form in the current density range 15 mA cm-2<j<30 mA cm-2. If the current density is greater than 40mA cm-2 then powders form. The chemical composition of powder samples depends on the current density of electrodeposition. The molybdenum content in the powder increases with the increase of current density (in the low current density range), while in the higher current density range the molybdenum content in the alloy decreases with the increase of the current density of deposition. Smaller sized particles form at higher current density. X-ray analysis, differential scanning calorimetric and measurements of the temperature dependence of electric resistance and magnetic permeability of the powder samples were all used to establish a predominantly amorphous structure of the powder samples formed at the current density of j≥70mA cm-2. The crystalline particle content in the powder samples increases with the decrease of the current density of deposition. Powder heating causes structural changes. The process of thermal stabilization of nickel and molybdenum amorphous powders takes place in the temperature interval from 463K to 573K and causes a decrease in electrical resistance and increase in magnetic permeability. The crystallization temperature depends on the value of current density of powder electrodeposition. Powder formed at j=180 mA cm-2 begins to crystallize at 573K, while the powder deposited at j=50 mA cm-2 begins to crystallize at 673K. Crystallization of the powder causes a decrease in electric resistivity and magnetic permeability. The Curie temperature of the crystallized powders is about 10 K higher than the Curie temperature of amorphous powders

Održivi razvoj u saniranju odlagališta otpada – studija slučaja odlagališta opasnog otpada Sovjak (Rijeka, Hrvatska)

Sustainable landfill redevelopment is a concept that proposes restoration of a degraded environment, social benefits for the community and economic benefits for possible investors. In the scope of this study a conceptual framework for sustainable redevelopment is presented and applied as a post project analysis in the case of the hazardous waste landfill of Sovjak. A comparative representation of the results obtained by the introduction of the concept of sustainable redevelopment is provided. The comparison of the achieved results shows that sustainable redevelopment will provide social benefits to a community living in close proximity to the hazardous waste landfill; threats to human health are eliminated, property values are restored, and the project presents social progress, economic growth and the possibility of employment. Furthermore an overview of the present state of the environment influenced by the hazardous waste landfill of Sovjak is described. Emphasis here is given to contamination of groundwater, due to the specific karst terrain in which the landfill is located, and its threat to human health.Održiv razvoj u saniranju odlagališta otpada je koncept koji nameće obnovu narušenog okoliša, društvenu dobrobit i gospodarske beneficije za potencijalne ulagače. U ovom radu predstavljen je održiv razvoj kao koncept i primijenjen na rezultate dobivene analizom odlagališta opasnog otpada Sovjak. Usporedba dobivenih rezultata ukazuje da je uvođenjem pojma održivog razvoja sanacija odlagališta opasnog otpada dobila novu značajku. Održivi razvoj pruža boljitak zajednici koja živi u bliskoj okolici odlagališta opasnog otpada; prijetnje javnom zdravlju bi time nestale, cijene nekretnina bi porasle. Projekt predviđa i društveni napredak, gospodarski rast i povećanje stope zaposlenosti. Rad pruža pregled trenutnog stanja okoliša i utjecaj opasnog otpada na odlagalište Sovjak. Naglasak je stavljen na zagađivanje podzemnih voda upravo zbog specifičnosti krškog terena na kojem se nalazi te kao takav predstavlja prijetnju ljudskom zdravlju

THE ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT AS A PREDICTOR OF ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS

The goal of the paper is to examine the influence of the economic environment of the individual’s place of origin on the intensity of entrepreneurial intentions which are seen in the desire to start an entrepreneurial venture. Economic factors primarily mean the economic development of a certain area, which in the present study is expressed as the size of GDP. The study’s respondents were students who had enrolled at the Republic of Croatia’s higher education institutions where the study programmes are focused on some of the forms of entrepreneurial education: entrepreneurship, economy, and management. According to the data provided by the Agency for Science and Higher Education, in the academic year 2017/18, the total number of students enrolled in study programs relevant to research was 3768.The research was conducted on a sample of 690 students, which makes the sample size 18.31% of the total number of enrolled students. For the empirical part of the paper, the anonymous survey method was used, while different statistical methods were used to analyse the results of the survey, such as the Regression analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient, and the t-test. The conducted study proves that the level of development of the economic environment directly influenced the entrepreneurial intentions of the respondents. Entrepreneurial intentions represent the intensity of aspiration and how much an individual wants to start their entrepreneurial venture. Certain individuals might have the desire to become an entrepreneur, but multiple factors affect whether they will start their venture. It is a long way from desiring to implementing the entrepreneurial idea that initially appeared as an entrepreneurial intention. Multiple factors and determinants guide someone’s behaviour, and the intensity of the influence is different for each determinant