The Double Effect Doctrine in Thomas Aquinas' Just War

The use of war to expand the limits of Christianity or the limits of the power of the Christian Church was, from an early age, regular. This theme, which over the centuries has been the subject of intense debates among intellectuals who tried to justify the morality of this war or, by contrast, served to develop various attacks on the Church, is the focus of the present work. In this way, we seek to understand here the development of the concept of just war in St. Thomas Aquinas Summa Theologiae, it's way of justifying the use of war, the moments when its use is legitimate, the applicability of the Double Effect Doctrine in this concept and also the influence that his thought exercised on chronologically closer thinkers, but also contemporary philosophy, using to this purpose, the work of Elizabeth Anscombe, a striking figure in twentieth-century philosophy, to understand the pertinence of the medieval theologian thought in this matter.El uso de la guerra para expandir los límites del cristianismo o los límites del poder de la Iglesia cristiana fue, desde temprana edad, regular. Este tema, que a lo largo de los siglos ha sido objeto de intensos debates entre intelectuales que intentaron justificar la moralidad de esta guerra o, por el contrario, sirvió para desarrollar varios ataques contra la Iglesia, es el foco del presente trabajo. De esta manera, buscamos comprender aquí el desarrollo del concepto de guerra justa en la Summa Theologiae de Santo Tomás de Aquino, su forma de justificar el uso de la guerra, los momentos en que su uso es legítimo, la aplicabilidad de la Doctrina del Doble Efecto en este concepto y también la influencia que ejerció su pensamiento en los pensadores cronológicamente más cercanos, pero también en la filosofía contemporánea, utilizando para este propósito, el trabajo de Elizabeth Anscombe, una figura sorprendente en la filosofía del siglo XX, para comprender la pertinencia de lo pensamiento del teólogo medieval en este asunto

Obesity and dental caries: systematic review

OBJETIVO Analisar evidências da associação entre obesidade e cárie dentária. MÉTODOS Foi realizada revisão sistemática de artigos indexados nas bases de dados Medline/PubMed, Web of Sciences e LILACS, no período entre 2005 e janeiro de 2012, para identificar associação existente entre obesidade e carie dentária. A qualidade da evidência cientifica dos artigos selecionados foi verificada pelos itens propostos para estudos observacionais do instrumento Downs & Black. RESULTADOS Inicialmente foram encontradas 537 referências após a verificação dos títulos e resumos por dois pesquisadores independentes. Foram selecionados 27 artigos para leitura completa. Destes, dez avaliaram dentição decídua e/ou permanente e observaram uma associação positiva entre obesidade e cárie dentária, sendo que um estudo encontrou uma associação inversa. Segundo a classificação de Downs & Black, treze artigos foram considerados com boa evidência científica. CONCLUSÕES A presente revisão não encontrou evidências suficientes quanto à associação entre obesidade e cárie, assim como não esclareceu o possível papel da dieta e de outros possíveis modificadores de efeito nessa associação.OBJETIVO Analizar evidencias de la asociación entre obesidad y caries dental. MÉTODOS Se realizó revisión sistemática de artículos indexados en las bases de datos Medline/PubMed, Web os Sciences y LILACS, en el período entre 2005 y enero de 2012, para identificar asociación existente entre obesidad y caries dental. La calidad de la evidencia científica de los artículos seleccionados fue verificada por los ítems propuestos para estudios observacionales del instrumento Downs & Black. RESULTADOS Inicialmente se encontraron 537 referencias, posterior a la verificación de los títulos y resúmenes por dos investigadores independientes. Se seleccionaron 27 artículos para la lectura completa. De estos, diez evaluaron dentición decidua y/o permanente y observaron una asociación positiva entre obesidad y caries dental, siendo que un estudio encontró una asociación inversa. De acuerdo con la clasificación de Downs & Black, trece artículos fueron considerados con buena evidencia científica. CONCLUSIONES La presente revisión no encontró evidencias suficientes con respecto a la asociación entre obesidad y caries, así como tampoco aclaró el posible papel de la dieta y de otros posibles modificadores de efecto en esta asociación.OBJECTIVE Identifying, through a systematic literature review, evidence of a possible association between obesity and dental caries. METHODS A search of articles published between 2005 and January 2012 was performed in the Medline/PubMed, LILACS and Web of Science databases. The quality of scientific evidence of the selected articles was assessed by the items proposed for observational studies in the Downs & Black instrument. RESULTS Initially, 537 references were found; after checking the titles and abstracts by two independent researchers, twenty-eight articles were selected for complete reading. Ten of them that assessed the primary and/or permanent dentition observed a positive association between obesity and dental caries and one study found an inverse association. According to the Downs & Black classification, thirteen articles with good scientific evidence were found. CONCLUSIONS The present review did not find sufficient evidence regarding the association between obesity and dental caries, and it did not clarify the possible role of diet and other possible effect modifiers on this association

Inclusion of different fat sources and mineral oil in equine diet

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de gordura de origem animal ou vegetal e de óleo mineral sobre a aceitabilidade, a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e as concentrações plasmáticas de triglicérides e colesterol em equinos. Utilizaram-se quatro potros de 13 a 16 meses de idade recebendo dieta contendo feno de gramínea e concentrado, em delineamento quadrado latino, analisado por contrastes ortogonais. A aceitabilidade não foi influenciada pela quantidade nem pelo tipo de óleo adicionado às dietas. Os menores valores de digestibilidade de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO) e extrato etéreo (EE) foram observados para as dietas acrescidas de óleo mineral (58,90; 60,29 e 32,02%) em comparação à dieta controle, cujos valores foram de 62,58; 64,41 e 77,72%. O coeficiente de digestibilidade do EE obtido com a dieta com óleo mineral foi menor (32,02%) que o obtido para as dietas com gordura animal (90,26%) e gordura vegetal (86,47%). A dieta com óleo mineral reduziu a concentração de HDL-C (68,75 mg/dL) em relação à dieta controle (76,00 mg/dL). A adição de fontes lipídicas e óleo mineral não influencia na aceitabilidade da dieta por equinos. O óleo vegetal não se diferencia da gordura animal quanto à digestibilidade dos nutrientes, no entanto, essas fontes de lipídios afetam a digestibilidade do extrato etéreo. A adição de óleo mineral reduz os níveis plasmáticos de HDL-C, ao passo que a adição de gordura animal e gordura vegetal não altera as concentrações plasmáticas de colesterol.The objective of this study was to assess the effects of including animals or vegetable fats and mineral on the acceptability, nutrient digestibility and triglyceride plasma concentrations and cholesterol in horses. Four foals aged 13 to 16 months were used receiving diet containing grass hay and concentrate. The experimental design was a Latin Square; using orthogonal contrasts. The acceptability was not influenced by the quantity nor the type of oil added to the diets. The smallest dry matter (DM) digestibility values, organic matter (OM) and ether extract (EE) were observed for the diets with the addition of mineral oil (58.90, 60.29 and 32.02%) compared to the control diet, whose values were 62.58, 64.41 and 77.71%. The EE digestibility coefficient obtained for the diets with animal fat (90.26%) and vegetable fat (86.47%). The diet with mineral oil reduced the HDL-C concentration (68.75 mg/dL) compared to the control diet (76.00 mg/dL). The adition of fat sources and mineral oil did not influence the acceptability of the diet by the horses. The vegetable oil did not differ from animal fat regarding nutrient digestibility, but these fat sources affected ether extract digestibility. The addition of mineral oil reduced the plastmatic HDL-C levels while the addition of animal fat and vegetable fat did not alter the cholesterol plasmatic concentrations

Influência da concentração de ALB2, Titânio e Estrôncio na macro e microestrutura de uma liga Alumínio-Silício

Com o objetivo de verificar o efeito das possíveis interações entre AlB2, Ti e Sr sobre a macro e a microestrutura de uma liga Al-Si quase-eutética, foram feitos testes de refino de grão da Aluminum Association, variando-se a concentração de AlB2 (de 40 a 280 ppm de B), Ti (de 100 a 700 ppm) e Sr (de 50 a 200 ppm). O tamanho médio de grão das amostras foi medido através do método do intercepto e a modificação da estrutura eutética foi avaliada utilizando-se padrões internacionais. Observa-se que um aumento no teor de Ti favorece o refino da fase primária Al-alfa pelo AlB2. Para níveis de 300 ppm de Ti e 120 ppm de B, a modificação da estrutura eutética pelo Sr não foi deteriorada após a adição do AlB2, o que ocorre para taxas mais altas de adição de AlB2, devido a formação da fase SrB6. Portanto a adição de Ti é recomendada (quando propriedades elétricas e térmicas não são requisitos), por permitir trabalhar com taxas mais baixas de adição de AlB2 (120 ppm de B), obtendo excelente de refino de grão ( ~ 200 microns) e sem que ocorra o envenenamento do Sr pelo AlB2

Physical Exercise as a Tool to Delay the Development Process of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Several authors reported that the absence of normal physical activity promotes a faster functional loss of several organs and systems, such as the cardiorespiratory system. It is known that scheduling physical activities and regular exercise for DMD patients, when performed based on a thorough functional evaluation, is fundamental for maintaining the quality of life of these children, as well as other associated resources that should be used, whenever possible. Exercise can help DMD patients to maintain and improve muscular strength for performing activities of daily living (ADL) such as stair climbing, slow the rate of increased weakness or contracture development that can prolong ambulation, maintain enough respiratory capacity and strengthened postural muscles, which can slow the onset of scoliosis. There is a need to pass throughout the message to professionals, staff and families who are in this context or who have children with developmental disabilities that exercise and physical activity are an essential factor for maintaining health and well-being throughout the lifespan. That’s what we wish and hope with this chapter

Reúso industrial de efluentes petroquímicos: Um estudo de caso da ultrafiltração e osmose reversa

The petrochemical industry uses high volumes of water in its production processes and generates effluents that have a great potential for reuse in production processes. The reuse of these effluents is, therefore, an alternative for the sustainable development of the sector. This study aimed at evaluating the application of ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) in the treatment of petrochemical effluents for the production of industrial reuse water, reducing environmental impacts caused by the disposal of effluents in the soil. The experiments were carried out with effluents named waste stabilization pond 1 (WSP-1), waste stabilization pond 8 (WSP-8) and an inorganic effluent (INO), which was used as feedwater in the pilot unit with a treatment capacity of 1 m³.h–1. The parameters chosen for evaluation in the treated effluents were calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulfate, electrical conductivity (EC), total organic carbon, color, chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, total suspended solids and turbidity. Membrane permeate fluxes were determined to evaluate the performance of the pilot system. After treatment and characterization of each effluent, the results were compared to define the most suitable effluent to achieve the quality required for industrial reuse. The results showed that the proposed UF/RO treatment provided a stable flux for the WSP-8 effluent. Conversely, the other streams showed an accentuated decrease in flux, which indicates fouling processes of the UF and RO membranes. As for the efficiency of the treatment, the process removed compounds of interest such as COD above 90%, salts and EC above 92% for the three assessed effluents. Thus, considering all aspects evaluated in this study, WSP-8 was the most suitable to be used as feed in the pilot system with UF and RO. The permeate produced presented the necessary quality for reuse in the industries of the Southern Petrochemical Complex, presenting equivalent characteristics to those of clarified water. Thus, the reuse of treated petrochemical effluents may be an important alternative source of water resources in face of availability and scarcity restrictions in industries in southern Brazil.A indústria petroquímica utiliza elevados volumes de água em seus processos produtivos e geram efluentes que apresentam grande potencial para a reutilização nos processos produtivos. Neste cenário o reúso destes efluentes é uma alternativa para o desenvolvimento sustentável do setor. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a aplicação da ultrafiltração (UF) e osmose reversa (OR) no tratamento dos efluentes petroquímicos para produção de água de reúso industrial reduzindo impactos ambientais com a disposição de efluentes no solo. Os experimentos foram realizados com os efluentes da Lagoa 1 (LE-1), efluente da Lagoa 8 (LE-8) e efluente inorgânico (INO), os quais foram utilizados como água de alimentação na unidade piloto com capacidade de tratamento de 1 m³.h–1. Os parâmetros avaliados nos efluentes tratados foram o cálcio, magnésio, cloreto, sulfato, condutividade, carbono orgânico total, cor, demanda química de oxigênio, pH, sólidos suspensos totais e turbidez. Foram determinados os fluxos dos permeados das membranas para avaliar o desempenho do sistema piloto. Após tratamento e caracterização de cada efluente, os resultados foram comparados para a definição do efluente mais adequado para alcançar a qualidade requerida para reúso industrial. Os resultados mostraram que o tratamento UF/OR proposto forneceu um fluxo estável para o efluente da LE-8, e para as demais correntes houve queda acentuada de fluxo que indicam processos de incrustação das membranas de UF e OR. Quanto à eficiência do tratamento, o processo apresentou a remoção de compostos de interesse como a demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) acima de 90%, remoção de sais e condutividade elétrica (CE) acima de 92% para os efluentes da Lagoa 1, efluente da Lagoa 8 e efluente inorgânico. Assim, considerando todos os aspectos avaliados neste estudo, o efluente LE-8 foi o mais adequado para ser utilizado como alimentação no sistema piloto com UF e OR, de tal modo, que o permeado produzido apresentou a qualidade necessária para reúso nas indústrias do Polo Petroquímico do Sul, atingindo qualidade equivalente à água clarificada. Desta forma, o reúso de efluentes petroquímicos tratados poderá ser uma importante fonte alternativa de recursos hídricos frente às restrições de disponibilidade e escassez nas indústrias no Sul do Brasil

Ranking programming languages by energy efficiency

This paper compares a large set of programming languages regarding their efficiency, including from an energetic point-of-view. Indeed, we seek to establish and analyze different rankings for programming languages based on their energy efficiency. The goal of being able to rank languages with energy in mind is a recent one, and certainly deserves further studies. We have taken 19 solutions to well defined programming problems, expressed in (up to) 27 programming languages, from well know repositories such as the Computer Language Benchmark Game and Rosetta Code. We have also built a framework to automatically, and systematically, run, measure and compare the efficiency of such solutions. Ultimately, it is based on such comparison that we propose a serious of efficiency rankings, based on multiple criteria. Our results show interesting findings, such as, slower/faster languages consuming less/more energy, and how memory usage influences energy consumption. We also show how to use our results to provide software engineers support to decide which language to use when energy efficiency is a concern(University of Porto) for the help that he provided. This work is financed by the ERDF – European Regional Development Fund through the Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation - COMPETE 2020 Programme within project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006961, and by National Funds through the Portuguese funding agency, FCT - Funda¸c˜ao para a Ciˆencia e a Tecnologia within project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016718 and UID/EEA/50014/2013. The first and second authors are also sponsored by FCT grants SFRH/BD/112733/2015 and SFRH/BD/132485/201

Integrating of the seahorse Hippocampus reidi in multi-trophic organic farms of oysters and shrimp: Effects of density and diet

The goal of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of culturing the seahorse Hippocampus reidi in an organic integrated multi-trophic aquaculture farm that produces the oyster Crassostrea brasiliana and the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects stocking density and food (natural zooplankton, Artemia nauplii, or both) for the juvenile I, which are fish from 1 to 15 days after birth. Stocking density effect was studied on growth and survival of juveniles II from 30 days to commercial size in net cages. Survival of the juvenile I was not affected by stocking densities from 2 to 5 ind L-1 and was greater than 70% in all treatments. Seahorse length, however, was inversely related to stocking density. Both treatments with wild zooplankton promoted higher seahorse survival and growth than diet composed exclusively by Artemia sp. during the first 15 days of life. Juvenile II growth decreased with stocking density from 5 to 40 ind m-3 but survival was not affected by it. The total benefit and proportion of colored animals increased significantly with stocking density. The present study confirms the technical feasibility of organic multi-trophic seahorse production in net cages. Even at the highest density tested the seahorses grew well and could generate high profits