A 2000 yr paleoearthquake record along the Conway segment of the Hope fault : implications for patterns of earthquake occurrence in northern South Island and southern North Island, New Zealand

Paleoseismic trenches excavated at two sites reveal ages of late Holocene earthquakes along the Conway segment of the Hope fault, the fastest‐slipping fault within the Marlborough fault system in northern South Island, New Zealand. At the Green Burn East (GBE) site, a fault‐perpendicular trench exposed gravel colluvial wedges, fissure fills, and upward fault terminations associated with five paleo‐surface ruptures. Radiocarbon age constraints indicate that these five earthquakes occurred after 36 B.C.E., with the four most recent surface ruptures occurring during a relatively brief period (550 yr) between about 1290 C.E. and the beginning of the historical earthquake record about 1840 C.E. Additional trenches at the Green Burn West (GBW) site 1.4 km west of GBE reveal four likely coseismically generated landslides that occurred at approximately the same times as the four most recent GBE paleoearthquakes, independently overlapping with age ranges of events GB1, GB2, and GB3 from GBE. Combining age constraints from both trench sites indicates that the most recent event (GB1) occurred between 1731 and 1840 C.E., the penultimate event GB2 occurred between 1657 and 1797 C.E., GB3 occurred between 1495 and 1611 C.E., GB4 occurred between 1290 and 1420 C.E., and GB5 occurred between 36 B.C.E. and 1275 C.E. These new data facilitate comparisons with similar paleoearthquake records from other faults within the Alpine–Hope–Jordan–Kekerengu–Needles–Wairarapa (Al‐Hp‐JKN‐Wr) fault system of throughgoing, fast‐slip‐rate (⁠≥10  mm/yr⁠) reverse‐dextral faults that accommodate a majority of Pacific–Australia relative plate boundary motion. These comparisons indicate that combinations of the faults of the Al‐Hp‐JKN‐Wr system may commonly rupture within relatively brief, ≤100‐year‐long sequences, but that full “wall‐to‐wall” rupture sequences involving all faults in the system are rare over the span of our paleoearthquake data. Rather, the data suggest that the Al‐Hp‐JKN‐Wr system may commonly rupture in subsequences that do not involve the entire system, and potentially, at least sometimes, in isolated events

Evolution and progressive geomorphic manifestation of surface faulting: A comparison of the Wairau and Awatere faults, South Island, New Zealand

Field mapping and lidar analysis of surface faulting patterns expressed in flights of geologically similar fluvial terraces at the well-known Branch River and Saxton River sites along the Wairau (Alpine) and Awatere strike-slip faults, South Island, New Zealand, reveal that fault-related deformation patterns expressed in the topography at these sites are markedly less structurally complex along the higher-displacement (hundreds of kilometers), structurally mature Wairau fault than along the Awatere fault (∼13–20 km total slip). These differences, which are generally representative of the surface traces of these faults, provide direct evidence that surface faulting becomes structurally simpler with increasing cumulative fault offset. We also examine the degree to which off-fault deformation (OFD) is expressed in the landscape at the Saxton River site along the less structurally mature Awatere fault. Significantly greater amounts of OFD are discernible as a wide damage zone (∼460 m fault-perpendicular width) in older (ca. 15 ka), more-displaced (64–74 m) fluvial terraces than in younger (ca. 1–7 ka), less-displaced (<55 m) terraces; no OFD is discernible in the lidar data on the least-displaced (<35 m) terraces. From this, we infer that OFD becomes progressively more geomorphically apparent with accumulating displacement. These observations imply that (1) the processes that accommodate OFD are active during each earthquake, but may not be evident in deposits that have experienced relatively small displacements; (2) structures accommodating OFD will become progressively geomorphically clearer with increasing displacement; (3) geomorphic measurements of overall fault zone width taken in deposits that have experienced small displacements will be underestimates; and (4) fault slip rates based on geomorphic surface offsets will be underestimates for immature faults if based solely on measurements along the high-strain fault core

Extreme multi-millennial slip rate variations on the Garlock fault, California: Strain super-cycles, potentially time-variable fault strength, and implications for system-level earthquake occurrence

Pronounced variations in fault slip rate revealed by new measurements along the Garlock fault have basic implications for understanding how faults store and release strain energy in large earthquakes. Specifically, dating of a series of 26.0+3.5/−2.5 m fault offsets with a newly developed infrared-stimulated luminescence method shows that the fault was slipping at >14.0+2.2/−1.8 mm/yr, approximately twice as fast as the long-term average rate, during a previously documented cluster of four earthquakes 0.5–2.0 ka. This elevated late Holocene rate must be balanced by periods of slow or no slip such as that during the ca. 3300-yr-long seismic lull preceding the cluster. Moreover, whereas a comparison of paleoseismic data and stress modeling results suggests that individual Garlock earthquakes may be triggered by periods of rapid San Andreas fault slip or very large-slip events, the “on–off” behavior of the Garlock suggests a longer-term mechanism that may involve changes in the rate of elastic strain accumulation on the fault over millennial time scales. This inference is consistent with most models of the geodetic velocity field, which yield slip-deficit rates that are much slower than the average latest Pleistocene-early Holocene (post-8–13 ka) Garlock slip rate of 6.5±1.5 mm/yr. These observations indicate the occurrence of millennia-long strain “super-cycles” on the Garlock fault that may be associated with temporal changes in elastic strain accumulation rate, which may in turn be controlled by variations in relative strength of the various faults in the Garlock-San Andreas-Eastern California Shear Zone fault system and/or changes in relative plate motion rates

Highly variable latest Pleistocene-Holocene incremental slip rates on the Awatere fault at Saxton River, South Island, New Zealand, revealed by lidar mapping and luminescence dating

Geomorphic mapping using high-resolution lidar imagery and luminescence dating reveal highly variable incremental Holocene-latest Pleistocene slip rates at the well-known Saxton River site along the Awatere fault, a dextral strike-slip fault in the Marlborough Fault System, South Island, New Zealand. Using lidar and field observations, we measured seven fault offsets recorded by fluvial terraces and bedrock markers. Improved dating of the offsets is provided by post-IR-IRSL225 luminescence ages. Incremental slip rates varied from 15 mm/yr over intervals of thousands of years and tens of meters of slip, demonstrating order-of-magnitude temporal variations in rate at a single site. These observations have basic implications for earthquake fault behavior, lithospheric mechanics, discrepancies between geodetic and geologic slip rates, and probabilistic seismic hazard assessment

Holocene to latest Pleistocene incremental slip rates from the east-central Hope fault (Conway segment) at Hossack Station, Marlborough fault system, South Island, New Zealand: Towards a dated path of earthquake slip along a plate boundary fault

Geomorphic field and aerial lidar mapping, coupled with fault-parallel trenching, reveals four progressive offsets of a stream channel and an older offset of the channel headwaters and associ­ated fill terrace–bedrock contact at Hossack Station along the Conway segment of the Hope fault, the fastest-slipping fault within the Marlborough fault system in northern South Island, New Zealand. Radiocarbon and luminescence dating of aggra­dational surface deposition and channel initiation and abandonment event horizons yields not only an average dextral rate of ~15 mm/yr since ca. 14 ka, but also incremental slip rates for five different time periods (spanning hundreds to thousands of years) during Holocene to latest Pleistocene time. These incremental rates vary through time and are, from youngest to oldest: 8.2 +2.7/−1.5 mm/yr averaged since 1.1 ka; 32.7 +~124.9/−10.1 mm/yr averaged over 1.61–1.0 ka; 19.1 ± 0.8 mm/yr between 5.4 and 1.6 ka; 12.0 ± 0.9 mm/yr between 9.4 and 5.4 ka, and 13.7 +4.0/−3.4 mm/yr from 13.8 to 9.4 ka, with generally faster rates in the mid- to late Holocene relative to slower rates prior to ca. 5.4 ka. The most pronounced variation in rates occurs between the two youngest intervals, which are averaged over shorter time spans (≤1700 yr) than the three older incremental rates (3700–4500 yr). This suggests that the factor of ~1.5× variations in Hope fault slip rate observed in the three older, longer- duration incremental rates may mask even greater temporal variations in rate over shorter time scales

Multimillennial incremental slip rate variability of the Clarence fault at the Tophouse Road site, Marlborough Fault System, New Zealand

Incremental slip rates of the Clarence fault, a dextral fault in the Marlborough fault system of South Island, New Zealand, varied by a factor of 4–5 during Holocene–latest Pleistocene time, as revealed by geomorphic mapping and luminescence dating of faulted fluvial landforms at the Tophouse Road site. We used high-resolution lidar microtopographic data and field surveys to map the fine-scale geomorphology and precisely restore the offset features. We dated the offsets using a stratigraphically informed protocol for infrared stimulated luminescence dating. These data show that incremental slip rates varied from ~2.0 to 9.6 mm/year, averaged over multiple earthquakes and millennial timescales. Comparison to incremental slip rates of the nearby Awatere fault suggests that these faults may behave in coordinated (and anticorrelated) fashion. This study adds to a growing body of evidence suggesting that incremental slip rate variation spanning multiple earthquake cycles may be more common than previously recognized

A method to evaluate the degree of bleaching of IRSL signals in feldspar: The 3ET method

In addition to dating, IRSL luminescence signals can preserve information about erosional, transport, and depositional histories of a population of grains. Knowledge of the degree of bleaching can be useful in understanding the processes that occurred during previous depositional events, as certain transport conditions result in a well bleached signal, while others result in grains retaining an inherited signal from prior events. This information can be accessed by making single-grain IRSL measurements across successively increasing temperatures, thereby isolating signals from traps of different bleachabilities. A new approach offers a way to evaluate the completeness of bleaching of a grain by testing patterns of equivalent dose (DE) values measured at three elevated temperatures (3ET), 50, 125, and 225 °C. Consistent DE estimates across two or more temperatures suggest a single bleaching event of sufficient duration to fully depopulate the traps involved. Incompletely bleached grains with inconsistent DE values across temperatures will lack a 3ET “plateau.” Modes in the distribution of DE values for fully bleached grains can suggest depositional ages, subject to assessment of fading. We developed a Python code in a Jupyter Notebook environment for data analysis and visualization to expedite processing the large data sets produced by the 3ET protocol. The 3ET protocol was tested on a radiocarbon dated sequence of playa samples from California, USA and on a set of fluvial terraces in the Marlborough region of New Zealand as part of a larger project to reconstruct regional seismic history. Where standard pIRIR apparent ages can be inconsistent or ambiguous, 3ET age estimates produce generally consistent apparent ages. Modes of 3ET plateaus can be used to infer the most recent and prior events that resulted in a sub-population of grains being fully bleached. These initial results suggest that the 3ET method can be useful to characterize both the age and degree of bleaching of depositional events

1923 - A.C.C Bible Lecture Week, Abilene Christian College

This is program for the 1923 Sixth Annual Bible Lecture Week at Abilene Christian College. Uploaded by Jackson Hager

Weak lensing, dark matter and dark energy

Weak gravitational lensing is rapidly becoming one of the principal probes of dark matter and dark energy in the universe. In this brief review we outline how weak lensing helps determine the structure of dark matter halos, measure the expansion rate of the universe, and distinguish between modified gravity and dark energy explanations for the acceleration of the universe. We also discuss requirements on the control of systematic errors so that the systematics do not appreciably degrade the power of weak lensing as a cosmological probe.Comment: Invited review article for the GRG special issue on gravitational lensing (P. Jetzer, Y. Mellier and V. Perlick Eds.). V3: subsection on three-point function and some references added. Matches the published versio