Frequency of craniofacial pain in patients with ischemic heart disease

Referred craniofacial pain of cardiac origin might be the only symptom of ischemic heart accidents. This study aimed to determine the frequency of craniofacial pain in patients with ischemic heart disease. This cross-sectional study was accomplished on 296 patients who met the criteria of having ischemic heart disease. Data regarding demographics, medical history and referred craniofacial pain were recorded in data forms. In addition, patients underwent oral examination to preclude any source of dental origin. Chi-square test, Student’s t-test and backward regression model were used to analyze the data by means of SPSS software version 21. P<0.05 was considered significant. A total of 296 patients were studied comprising of 211 men (71%) and 85 women (29%) with the mean age of 55.8. Craniofacial pain was experienced by 53 patients out of 296, 35 (66%) of whom were male and 18 (34%) were female. None of the patients experienced craniofacial pain solely. The most common sites of craniofacial pain were occipital and posterior neck (52.8%), head (43.3%), throat and anterior neck (41.5%) respectively. We found no relationship between craniofacial pain of cardiac origin with age, diabetes, hypertension, and family history. On the other hand, there was a significant relationship between hyperlipidemia and smoking with craniofacial pain of cardiac origin. Radiating pain to face and head can be expected quite commonly during a cardiac ischemic event. Dental practitioners should be thoroughly aware of this symptomatology to prevent misdirected dental treatment and delay of medical care

Syntactic labeling of complement small clauses in Persian

Abstract This study presents a minimalist analysis of complement small clauses in Persian by reviewing different approaches to their categorial status. By the emergence of Chomsky’s Government and Binding Theory (GB) (Chomsky, 1981), small clauses have garnered the attention of linguists and, led to diverse opinions about their category. In this research, firstly, we shall investigate various opinions on the nature of the category of small clauses. Then, based on the exocentric labeling theory of phrase structure (Chomsky 2013, 2015), we shall attempt to provide a minimalist analysis of their categorial status, internal structure, and case assignment in Persian. Finally, grounded upon the above framework, we showed that since the subject of the small clause will have to move to an upper position to check its case and its remaining copy feature is invisible, the Labeling Algorithm can only see the label of the remaining SO (syntactic object); the small clause’s node is labeled as the phrase that remained in situ. Therefore, the syntactic properties of the predicate in Persian determines the syntactic label of small clauses. Keywords: Complement Small Clause; Labeling Algorithm; Syntactic Movement, Exocentric Theory, Syntactic Label   Introduction Small clause construction is considered to be a very controversial issue in linguistics. Linguists (e.g. Stowell 1981, Aarts 1992, Contreras 1987, Bowers 1993, Haegeman 1994, Starke 1995, Asada 2012…) who accept small clauses as constituents have very different opinions about their categorial status and internal structure. Therefore, there has been only scant, if not any, unified analysis of small clauses. This article employs the Labeling Algorithm (LA) of Chomsky (2013, 2015) to analyze small clauses in Persian. Insofar as an exocentric labeling theory of phrase structure require Syntactic Objects (SOs) to have labels of Full-Interpretation to be interpreted on CI, it is important to ask what label a SC has. We assume that a label is required for interpretation at the interfaces, and that labels are assigned by a minimal search in LA applying to an SO (like other operations, at the phase level). Chomsky's Labeling Algorithm proves to be a powerful tool for analyzing the structure of small clauses across different languages.   Materials and Methods This article adopts a descriptive-analytic approach to analyze the data. It also, employs the Minimalist Program framework. We utilize Chomsky's Labeling Algorithm to determine the category of small clauses in Persian, includes prepositional phrases, adjective phrases, or noun phrases depending on the predicate. Discussion and Conclusions This literature will examine the most significant proposals regarding the categorical status of SCs. Some linguists consider small clauses as projections of the predicate (Stowell, 1981; Contreras, 1987). The first major proposal in connection with the categorial status and the internal structure of small clauses within the Small Clause Theory was first developed by Stowell (1981). Stowell (1981) suggests that small clauses are maximal projections of the form XP, with the head being the predicate X. However, there are objections to this endocentric analysis the most serious of them refers to the fronting of a small clause predicate. This view maintains that the predicate is a maximal projection. There is another group of linguists who assume that small clauses are the projections of a functional category (Bailyn, 1995; Bailyn and Citko, 1999; Bowers, 1993; Hornstein and Lightfoot, 1987; Chomsky, 1995; Gueron and Hoekstra, 1995; Kitagawa, 1985). However, these proposals also face challenges. Hornstein and Lightfoot (1987) analysed small clauses as including INLF0, which is an I node distinct from the ‘ordinary’ one introduced by them. Aarts (1992) criticizes Hornstein and Lightfoot (1987) for complicating the theoretical framework by introducing a new ‘kind’ of INFL. Kitagawa (1985) and Starke (1995) suggested that small clauses could be CPs. This view too is not without certain problems. Haegeman (1994) assumed that small clauses are AgrPs. Obviously, SCs do not contain an AGRS-node because there is no person agreement between NP2 and XP, similar to the case that exists between the subject and verb of a finite clause. Bowers (1993, 2001) proposed that small clauses are PredP. However, the inclusion of a null functional head in small clauses is not theoretically necessary in the current state of the minimalist syntax. Moreover, from a semantic perspective, it lacks motivation, and empirically, equating Pred0 with any overt element does not appear to yield accurate predictions. Considering the limitations of previous perspectives, we adopt Chomsky's exocentric labeling theory. In Chomsky (2013, 2015), the labels of syntactic objects (SOs) are determined by the Labeling Algorithm (LA), which involves a minimal search process separate from Merge. Chomsky (2013, 2015) provides insights into how LA is applied, as illustrated in (1). (1) a. {α H, XP} {α XP, YP} (2) a. {YP, Z {α XP, tYP}} α = XP {α XP, YP} α = In (1a), the syntactic object (SO) consists of a head H and the maximal projection XP. The Labeling Algorithm (LA) selects H as the label in this case. On the other hand, in (1b), the SO contains two maximal projections, XP and YP, neither of which is a head. In such instances, the label is determined in one of two ways. Firstly, one of the SOs, YP, may "move," causing the remaining copy of YP to become invisible to LA. Consequently, XP becomes the label, as illustrated in (2a). Alternatively, the label can be determined through feature sharing (FS) by selecting the most prominent feature F that both XP and YP possess, as demonstrated in (2b). Through the examination of various linguistic phenomena in the Persian language, including doubled clitics, object omission, passivization, fronting, and the occurrence of adverbs inside small clauses, we have established that the subject of a small clause must undergo movement to a higher position. Once the subject of the small clause is raised, the label of the small clause is determined by the in situ phrase. As a result, the categorial status of the small clause in Persian is determined based on the label of the predicate

Comparative effects of Er:YAG laser, and EDTA, MTAD, and QMix irrigants on adhesion of stem cells from the apical papilla to dentin : a scanning electron microscopic study

Dentin conditioning can affect the adhesion of stem cells in endodontic regenerative treatments. This study aimed to assess the effects of the most commonly used endodontic irrigants, namely, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), MTAD, and QMix in comp

The impact of abnormal returns of shares on slump of one-day shares price in 50 top companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange (2003-2013)

Abstract: Shares return is one of the basic criteria for making decision in Stock exchange which itself contains information and most actual and potential investors use it in their financial analysis and predictions and on the other hand, abnormal return of shares always causes the fluctuations in shares market that in standard event study methodology, abnormal returns is the difference between the actual return and expected return (normal). Each event may effect of its kind on the market. In the meantime, economic and political events have more effect on the process of economic activities of firms. So, based on this, the main objective of this research is to study the impact of abnormal returns of shares on slump of one-day shares price in 50 top companies in Tehran Stock Exchange (2003Exchange ( -2013 with using of panel data method. The results of this research indicates that variables of market risk, the ratio of market value on book value, total debt to total asset, illiquidity, standard deviation of shares returns and industry dummy variable, have positive and significant effect on dependent variable of shares slump and the variables company size, the ratio of cash assets, the ratio of profit before interest and tax to total assets, cash flows of each share and abnormal returns of shares have negative and significant effect on dependent variable of shares slump

Exposure keratopathy and its associated risk factors in patients undergoing general anesthesia in nonocular surgeries

INTRODUCTION: The most common eye injury during and after general anesthesia is corneal abrasion which can occur at any time after anesthesia and even up to 24 h after it. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and factors associated with corneal injury in patients undergoing nonocular surgery. METHODS: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. A total of 170 patients, who were admitted to the operating room and met the inclusion criteria, were selected through simple nonprobability sampling. Data collection forms were used in order to assess the incidence of corneal injury and its related risk factors. The National Eye Institute scale with fluorescein paper and cobalt blue light by slit lamp were utilized to examine exposure keratopathy. RESULTS: Overall, the results showed that the incidence of keratopathy immediately after eye care removal was found to be 64.7% in the operating room, 65.9% in the recovery room, and 41.2% in 24 h after the surgery. Smokers' patients and drug abusers under general anesthesia underwent endotracheal intubation, received more opioids preoperatively, and had more perioperative bleeding and fluid intake. Moreover, in patients who had received more oxygen flow in the recovery room; the rate of keratopathy was higher. CONCLUSION: Smoking, drug usage, and receiving endotracheal intubation are the risk factors of keratopathy. Therefore, for high-risk patients and procedures, it is indispensable to both obtain preoperative information and take intraoperative precautions in order to prevent eye injuries. Future studies are needed to demonstrate these finding

Evaluation of Neuroprotective Effect of Althaea Officinalis Flower Aqueous and Methanolic Extracts against H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress in PC12 Cells: Protective activity of Althaea Officinalis against oxidative stress

This study was conducted to evaluate the possible antioxidant activity and neuroprotective effects of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Althaeaofficinalis flowers against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in PC12 cells.The antioxidant potential of extracts was evaluated by radical scavenging activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. For cytoprotective activity, the cells were pretreated with different concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200and 400 μg/ml) of the extracts for 24h and then incubated with H2O2(480 μM) for 3 h. In co-treatment protocol, cells were simultaneously treated with H2O2 (480 μM) and the same concentrations of extracts, used in pretreatment protocol. Percentage of viability was measured using MTT assay. The aqueous and methanolic extracts did not show strong DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 value of 128 and 255 μg/ml respectively) in comparison with ascorbic acid (IC50 value of 6.1 μg/ml). The cytoprtection study revealed that neither the methanolic, northe aqueous extractsat tested concentrations could protect the cells against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity compared to H2O2 alone, in either co-treatment or pre-treatment experiments. Despite reporting the antioxidant activity of A. officinalis L. flowers, it seems that such a negligible cytoprotective activity may be related to some other factors. On the other hand, the presence of moderate antioxidant activity does not guarantee the protective activity against oxidative stress

Designing a non-virulent HIV-1 strain: potential implications for vaccine

&lt;strong&gt;BACKGROUND&lt;/strong&gt;: Culturing and working with wild type HIV virions may produce contamination and infection. The main&lt;br /&gt; objective of this study was to design a non-infective HIV-1 strain that can be used safely in research laboratories for&lt;br /&gt; various research topics on HIV life cycle and pathogenesis.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;strong&gt;METHODS&lt;/strong&gt;: Non-infective HIV-1 strain (mzNL4-3) was designed by deleting a 2 Kb sequence of HIV-1 (NL4-3 strain)&lt;br /&gt; genome that codes reverse transcriptase (RT) and integrase (IN) enzymes.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;strong&gt;RESULTS&lt;/strong&gt;: The deletion removed 95% of RT and 34% of IN peptide sequences and abolished the functions of these enzymes&lt;br /&gt; totally. This deletion didn&amp;rsquo;t produce any other alteration in HIV genome, not only in mRNA level but also in&lt;br /&gt; transcription or translation levels. We named this strain, mutated z NL4-3 (mzNL4-3).&lt;br /&gt; &lt;strong&gt;CONCLUSIONS&lt;/strong&gt;: Our mutated HIV-1 virions can be produced by transforming any mammalian cell line with mzNL4-3&lt;br /&gt; vector (pmzNL4-3) but these virions can not replicate in any competent target cell. Hence, it can be used for many of&lt;br /&gt; the HIV-1 researches in a level 2 lab. mzNL4-3 has also the major antigen markers of HIV-1, NY5 and LAV strains,&lt;br /&gt; which are the most common strains of HIV-1. Therefore, mzNL4-3 can also be considered as a choice for HIV-1 vaccine&lt;br /&gt; investigation. Probably mzNL4-3 could be used for lab research and vaccine investigation.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;strong&gt;KEYWORDS&lt;/strong&gt;: HIV-1, mzNL4-3, non-infectious, mutant, safe research, vaccine

National Identity in the Persian Literature, Case Study: Jamalzadeh' Stories

The issue of national identity became an important discussion in Mashrooteh era; concern about national identity in many works of writers of this era clarifies position of this historical period. Among those writers is the father of Iranians short stories, Seyyed Mohammad Ali Jamalzadeh. According to this, the purpose of present study was to examine the extent of attention to symbols of national identity in the Jamalzadeh's stories (Once Upon a Time, bitter and sweet, old and new, our story came to the end) across Various stages of his literary life. The Design of this research was descriptive and its Methodology was qualitative that doing via content analysis method. For this end, by exploring the symbols of national identity in theoretical discussions, and literature review some components of national identity were defined and the structure of content analysis was prepared and then based on this structure, the amount and type of attention to the national identity symbols is evaluated. The results of comparison among the components of national identity symbols in Jamalzadeh's stories showed the largest frequency belongs to "language" and after that, geology, history, literature; celebrities and culture are the most frequent components. Moreover, contemplation in Jamalzadeh's works revealed that he apparently has focused on the visible and materialistic structure of identity more than the epistemic structure. In general, qualitative analysis of Jamalzadeh's stories has shown that he allocates more attention to component of national identity in all of their works; his works depend on context and has an Iranian construction. Nonetheless, we can say he didn't live in Iran but, in their stories he lived with an Iranian culture and Iranian people

Effect of copper oxide nanoparticles and light-emitting diode irradiation on the cell viability and osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation of human stem cells from the apical papilla

Abstract Objectives This experimental study aimed to assess the effect of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) and light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation on the cell viability and osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation of human SCAPs. Methods After the culture of SCAPs, the effects of different concentrations of CuONPs on cell viability were evaluated by the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay after 24 and 48 h, and the optimal concentration was determined (n = 12). SCAPs were then divided into four groups based on the type of treatment: (I) no-treatment control group, (II) exposure to CuONPs, (III) LED irradiation (635 nm, 200 mW/cm2) for 30 s, and (IV) exposure to CuONPs combined with LED irradiation. CuONPs were synthesized by a green technique, which was based on reduction and simultaneous stability of copper ions by using the pomegranate peel extract. After treatments, the expression of osteogenic/odontogenic markers including dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), bone sialoprotein (BSP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 (DMP1) was evaluated in all four groups using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (n = 16). Also, osteogenic differentiation of SCAPs was evaluated qualitatively by alizarin red staining (ARS) to assess the matrix mineralization (n = 4). SPSS version 18 was used for data evaluation. The Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests were used to compare the groups. Results Exposure to 1 µg/mL CuONPs resulted in maximum viability of SCAPs. Concentrations of CuONPs over 10 µg/mL significantly decreased the viability of SCAPs. Real-time PCR showed that the expression of DMP1, BSP, ALP, and DSPP in CuONPs + LED and LED groups was significantly higher than that in CuONPs and control groups at both 24 and 48 h (P < 0.05). The density of ARS increased in all experimental groups after 24 h, and in CuONPs + LED and CuONPs groups after 48 h, compared to the control group. Conclusion Addition of CuONPs and LED irradiation of SCAPs in the culture medium significantly enhanced their osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation