Extending Timescales and Narrowing Linewidths in NMR

Among the different fields of research in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) which are currently investigated in the Laboratory of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (LRMB), two subjects that are closely related to each other are presented in this article. On the one hand, we show how to populate long-lived states (LLS) that have long lifetimes T_LLS which allow one to go beyond the usual limits imposed by the longitudinal relaxation time T_1. This makes it possible to extend NMR experiments to longer time-scales. As an application, we demonstrate the extension of the timescale of diffusion measurements by NMR spectroscopy. On the other hand, we review our work on long-lived coherences (LLC), a particular type of coherence between two spin states that oscillates with the frequency of the scalar coupling constant J_IS and decays with a time constant T_LLC. Again, this time constant T_LLC can be much longer than the transverse relaxation time T_2. By extending the coherence lifetimes, we can narrow the linewidths to an unprecedented extent. J-couplings and residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) in weakly-oriented phases can be measured with the highest precision

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Measuring the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries : a baseline analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Background In September, 2015, the UN General Assembly established the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs specify 17 universal goals, 169 targets, and 230 indicators leading up to 2030. We provide an analysis of 33 health-related SDG indicators based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015). Methods We applied statistical methods to systematically compiled data to estimate the performance of 33 health-related SDG indicators for 188 countries from 1990 to 2015. We rescaled each indicator on a scale from 0 (worst observed value between 1990 and 2015) to 100 (best observed). Indices representing all 33 health-related SDG indicators (health-related SDG index), health-related SDG indicators included in the Millennium Development Goals (MDG index), and health-related indicators not included in the MDGs (non-MDG index) were computed as the geometric mean of the rescaled indicators by SDG target. We used spline regressions to examine the relations between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI, a summary measure based on average income per person, educational attainment, and total fertility rate) and each of the health-related SDG indicators and indices. Findings In 2015, the median health-related SDG index was 59.3 (95% uncertainty interval 56.8-61.8) and varied widely by country, ranging from 85.5 (84.2-86.5) in Iceland to 20.4 (15.4-24.9) in Central African Republic. SDI was a good predictor of the health-related SDG index (r(2) = 0.88) and the MDG index (r(2) = 0.2), whereas the non-MDG index had a weaker relation with SDI (r(2) = 0.79). Between 2000 and 2015, the health-related SDG index improved by a median of 7.9 (IQR 5.0-10.4), and gains on the MDG index (a median change of 10.0 [6.7-13.1]) exceeded that of the non-MDG index (a median change of 5.5 [2.1-8.9]). Since 2000, pronounced progress occurred for indicators such as met need with modern contraception, under-5 mortality, and neonatal mortality, as well as the indicator for universal health coverage tracer interventions. Moderate improvements were found for indicators such as HIV and tuberculosis incidence, minimal changes for hepatitis B incidence took place, and childhood overweight considerably worsened. Interpretation GBD provides an independent, comparable avenue for monitoring progress towards the health-related SDGs. Our analysis not only highlights the importance of income, education, and fertility as drivers of health improvement but also emphasises that investments in these areas alone will not be sufficient. Although considerable progress on the health-related MDG indicators has been made, these gains will need to be sustained and, in many cases, accelerated to achieve the ambitious SDG targets. The minimal improvement in or worsening of health-related indicators beyond the MDGs highlight the need for additional resources to effectively address the expanded scope of the health-related SDGs.Peer reviewe

Transporteur mitochondrial d'ADP/ATP : étude par échange hydrogène/deutérium couplé à la spectrométrie de masse et caractérisation de mutations pathogènes

Le transporteur d'ADP/ATP est une protéine de la membrane interne mitochondriale qui joue un rôle physiologique majeur en catalysant l'échange d'un ADP cytoplasmique contre un ATP néo-synthétisé dans la matrice mitochondriale. Cette protéine peut être inhibée de manière très spécifique par deux poisons naturels, le carboxyatractyloside (CATR) et l'acide bongkrekique (BA) qui stabilisent la protéine dans deux états conformationnels distincts adoptés au cours du mécanisme de transport. Afin de mieux appréhender cette dynamique fonctionnelle, une étude du transporteur d'ADP/ATP bovin en complexe avec le CATR ou le BA dans le détergent Triton X-100 a été réalisée par échange hydrogène/deutérium couplé à la spectrométrie de masse. Ces travaux se sont déroulés en 4 parties. La première a consisté à adapter cette technique à l'étude des protéines membranaires intégrales. En effet, la présence de détergents, nécessaires au maintien en solution de l'état natif de ces protéines, n'a pas permis jusqu'ici de les étudier par cette approche. Pour pallier cette difficulté, un protocole automatisé de chromatographie liquide permettant l'élimination du Triton X-100 a été mis au point. Les cinétiques de deutération des différents complexes ont alors pu être analysées dans le deuxième volet de cette étude. Les données obtenues ont permis de proposer des modèles conformationnels du transport de nucléotides à travers la membrane interne mitochondriale, dans lesquels le transporteur présenterait une cavité ouverte tour à tour vers l'espace intermembranaire et vers la matrice. Afin d'apporter d'autres éléments de réponse sur ce mécanisme de transport et de s'affranchir de différents problèmes liés à l'utilisation des détergents, des essais de deutération du transporteur d'ADP/ATP bovin dans les mitochondries ont été entrepris et représentent le troisième volet de ces travaux. Cette approche, qui nécessite encore plusieurs améliorations, a permis d'obtenir les premières données de deutération d'une protéine membranaire dans son environnement natif. Le transporteur d'ADP/ATP est aussi impliqué dans des pathologies humaines plus ou moins graves. Dans une dernière partie, l'étude de ces mutations a été abordée en réalisant chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae une étude phénotypique et biochimique de plusieurs mutants du transporteur de l'amibe Dictyostelium discoideum correspondant aux mutations humaines. Cette étude a mis en évidence un problème dans le mécanisme intrinsèque de transport, induit par la mutation V291M, qui pourrait être à l'origine de la pathologie associée

A simple test for linearity of spectrometer amplifiers and receivers

A routine test for sensitivity and resoln. for NMR spectrometer amplifiers and receivers is suggested. [on SciFinder (R)

Transporteur mitochondrial d'ATP/ADP : étude par échange hydrogène / deutérium couplé à la spectrométrie de masse et caractérisation de mutations pathogènes

Le tran'sporteur d'ADP/ATP est une protéine de la membrane interne mitochondriale qui joue un rôle physiologique majeur en catalysant l'échange d'un ADP cytoplasmique contre un A TP néo-synthétisé dans la matrice mitochondriale. Cette protéine peut être inhibée de manière très spécifique par deux poisons naturels, le carboxyatractyloside (CATR) et l'acide bongkrekique (BA) qui stabilisent la protéine dans deux états conformationnels distincts adoptés au cours du mécanisme de transport. Afin de mieux appréhender cette dynamique fonctionnelle, une étude du transporteur d'ADP/ATP bovin en complexe avec le CATR ou le BA dans le détergent Triton X-IOO a été réalisée par échange hydrogène/deutérium couplé à la spectrométrie de masse. Ces travaux se sont déroulés en 4 parties. La première a consisté à adapter cette technique à l'étude des protéines membranaires intégrales. En effet, la présence de détergents, nécessaires au maintien en solution de l'état natif de ces protéines, n'a pas permis jusqu'ici de les étudier par cette approche. Pour pallier cette difficulté, un protocole automatisé de chromatographie liquide permettant l'élimination du Triton X-IOO a été mis au point. Les cinétiques de deutération des différents complexes ont alors pu être analysées dans le deuxième volet de cette étude. Les données obtenues ont permis de proposer des modèles conformationnels du transport de nucléotides au travers de la membrane interne mitochondriale, dans lesquels le transporteur présenterait une cavité ouverte tour à tour vers l'espace intermembranaire et vers la matrice. Afin d'apporter d'autres éléments de réponse sur ce mécanisme de transport et de s'affranchir de différents problèmes liés à l'utilisation des détergents, des essais de deutération du transporteur d'ADP/ATP bovin dans les mitochondries ont été entrepris et représentent le troisième volet de ces travaux. Cette approche, qui nécessite encore plusieurs améliorations, a permis d'obtenir les premières données de deutération d'une protéine membranaire dans son environnement natif. Le transporteur d'ADP/ATP est aussi impliqué dans des pathologies humaines plus ou moins grave. Dans une dernière partie, l'étude de ces mutations a été abordée en réalisant chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae une étude phénotypique et biochimique de plusieurs mutants du transporteur de l'amibe Dictyostelium discoideum correspondant aux mutations humaines. Cette étude a mis en évidence un problème dans le mécanisme intrinsèque de transport, induit par la mutation V291M, qui pourrait être à l'origine de la pathologie associée.The ADP/ATP carrier is a protein located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. It plays a major physiological role by catalyzing the exchange of a cytoplasmic ADP against a newly synthesized A TP of the mitochondrial matrix. This protein could be inhibited very specifically by two natural poisons, the carboxyatractyloside (CATR) and the bongkrekic acid (BA), who stabilizes the protein in two distinct conformations involved in the transport mechanism. ln order to understand this functional dynamic, a study of the ADP/ATP carrier in complex with the CATR or the BA carried out in micelles of detergent (Triton X-lOO) was realized by hydrogenldeuterium exchange coupled to a mass spectrometry analysis. This work was organized in 4 parts. The first part has consisted in an adaptation of this technique to integral membrane proteins. Indeed, the necessity of using detergent to maintain the native state of this kind of protein didn't allow using this approach to study them. To overcome this difficulty, an automatic protocol of liquid chromatography was set up and allows washing out the Triton X-lOO. ln a second part ofthis work, exchange kinetics were analyzed. The collected data allow us to propose sorne conformational models of the nucleotide transport across the inner membrane. ln these different models, the mitochondrial carrier would be alternatively open to the intermembrane space or to the matrix with different movements of the peptidic chain. ln order to bring other data on this mechanism and to avoid several problems due to the detergent, sorne tries of deuteration of the bovine ADP/ATP carrier into the mitochondrial membrane were attempted. This represents the third part of this work. Even if this approach needed sorne amelioration, it provides us the first data of deuteration of a membrane protein in this native environment. The ADP/ATP carrier is also involved in severe human pathologies. ln a last part, the study of these mutations was investigated. Several mutants of the unique ADP/ATP carrier of the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum corresponding to human mutants was expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Analysis of the phenotype of the strains expressing mutated carriers and the measurement of the biochemical constants of these proteins have pointed out a problem in the intrinsic mechanism of transport due to the mutation V291M and could explain the associated pathology.GRENOBLE1-BU Sciences (384212103) / SudocSudocFranceF

A method for exciting transverse magnetization in nmr pulse experiments

In NMR pulse experiments transverse magnetization is excited by irradiating the nuclear spin system with a two pulse sequence of a first RF chirp pulse and a second RF chirp pulse, generated after a defocusing time interval tau . The pulse duration of the second chirp pulse is half the duration of the first pulse, and the amplitude of the second chirp pulse is approximately three times the amplitude of the first chirp pulse. The first pulse being a 90 DEG -pulse, the second pulse being a 180 DEG -pulse, a refocusing of the magnetization vectors occurs at a time tau min = tau + tau after elapse of the second chirp pulse, and acquisition of the resulting echo signal is started at peak of the echo

Refocusing with chirped pulses for broadband excitation without phase dispersion

In chirped spectroscopy, the phase dispersion in NMR was removed by refocusing the magnetization to form an echo. The method by which this was obtained is described. Chirped spectra of a mixt. of CHCl3, CH2Cl2, acetone, cyclohexane, and dioxane was obtained and discussed. [on SciFinder (R)

A hybrid model to study pathological mutations of the human ADP/ATP carriers

International audienceThe adenine nucleotide carrier (Ancp) plays an essential role in the metabolism of cellular energy by catalyzing the transport of ADP and ATP across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Previous reports have indicated that mutations in the HANC1 gene, encoding the muscle isoform of human Ancp (HAnc1p), are directly involved in several diseases, including autosomal dominant progressive external ophthalmoplegia and cardiomyopathies. In this work, we studied three pathogenic HANC1 mutations at the biochemical level. To do so, we expressed the DdANCA gene, encoding the unique Ancp carrier of Dictyostelium discoideum (DdAncAp), in a yeast strain lacking all endogenous ANC genes. Our results indicate that DdAncAp is a good model for the human protein. It allows the carrier to be studied in yeast, and provides information on how the HANC1 mutations impair ADP/ATP transport in humans. A94D, A126D and V291M mutations, corresponding to A90D, A123D and V289M in HAnc1p, respectively, did not affect levels of DdAncAp in yeast mitochondria. However, while the wild-type DdAncAp fully restored growth of the ANC-null yeast strain on a non-fermentable carbon source, the carriers encompassing either the A94D or the A126D mutation failed to complement the null strain. The effect of the V291M mutation was not as pronounced, but led to impairment mainly of the nucleotide translocation process per se. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms responsible for the diseases induced by HAnc1p mutations

Frequency-modulated "chirp" pulses for broadband inversion recovery in magnetic resonance

A novel approach to inversion recovery in NMR is described which combines adiabatic inversion with the observation of a spin echo refocused by a chirp pulse. This echo method allows one to generate in-phase magnetization over a broad range of frequencies. The effects are discussed of longitudinal and transverse relaxation during the pulse sequence, and the implications of scalar coupling are also investigated. [on SciFinder (R)