Inférences sur les réseaux régionaux à partir d’arbres génétiques locaux, l’exemple du site néolithique de Gurgy 'les Noisats'

La reconstitution de la parenté génétique dans des contextes archéologiques a longtemps été impossible, mais grâce à l’optimisation récente des méthodes d’analyse de l’ADN ancien, on peut désormais reconstituer de manière fiable des généalogies génétiques, parfois importantes. L’analyse génomique approfondie du site français du Néolithique moyen de Gurgy 'les Noisats', dans le Bassin parisien, nous a permis de reconstruire deux arbres conséquents, l’un reliant 63 individus sur sept génératio..

Comportements alimentaires et mobilité au Néolithique : Analyses biogéochimiques multi-proxies de restes bioarchéologiques de la vallée de l'Yonne (Ve millénaire av. J.-C., France)

Using food as a vector to understand the organization and social structures of the first Neolithic agropastoralists, this work focuses on the southeast of the Paris Basin whose archaeological context (consisting of an exceptional amount of burials dated to Neolithic, 4800 to 4000 cal BC) is particularly rich and well documented. In this context, 180 humans and 74 animals were analyzed with different isotopic and elemental markers (?13C, ?15N, ?34S of bone and dentine collagen, ?15N of specific amino acids of bone collagen, 87Sr/86Sr, Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca of bone and tooth enamel apatite with laser ablation) in order to reconstruct dietary and mobility patterns linked to the biological and funerary parameters of these individuals. The results exhibit, among other things, a diet that is rich in animal proteins, notably coming from cattle (meat and dairy products) and pigs, without it being related to differences in terms of funerary treatment or cultural characterization. However, sex and age differences are brought out and might be linked to a sexual division of labor and an exogenous origin of women. The combination of proxies and the development of innovative methods, on a large corpus, allow us to discuss the advantages and limitations of such an approach, thus offering promising new perspectives. Specifically, the measurement by laser ablation of isotopic strontium (87Sr/86Sr) and trace elements (Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca vs. Mn/Ca, U/Ca and Mg/Ca) carried out for the first time on nearly a hundred individuals allows, through the creation of a new protocol to process data, not only to eliminate diagenetic areas in dental enamel but also to monitor through time and on a very refine scale dietary and mobility changes during a specific childhood phase.Utilisant l'alimentation comme vecteur de compréhension de l'organisation et des structures sociales des premiers agropasteurs néolithiques, ce travail se concentre sur le sud-est du Bassin parisien dont le contexte archéologique (nombre exceptionnel de sépultures datées du Néolithique, 4800 à 4000 cal BC) est particulièrement riche et bien documenté. Dans ce cadre, 180 humains et 74 animaux ont été analysés par différents marqueurs isotopiques et élémentaires (?13C, ?15N, ?34S du collagène osseux et dentinaire, ?15N des acides aminés spécifiques du collagène osseux, 87Sr/86Sr, Sr/Ca et Ba/Ca de l'apatite de l'os et de l'émail dentaire par ablation laser) afin de reconstituer les schémas alimentaires et de mobilité en lien avec les paramètres biologiques et funéraires de ces individus. Les résultats montrent, entre autres, une alimentation riche en protéines animales, notamment issues de l'exploitation bovine (viande et produits laitiers) et porcine, sans distinction selon le type de traitement funéraire ou l'attribution culturelle. En revanche, des différences entre les sexes et en fonction de l'âge sont mises en évidence et pourraient être en lien avec la division sexuelle des tâches et une origine exogène des femmes. La combinaison des proxies et le développement de méthodes novatrices, sur un large corpus, permet de discuter des avantages et des limites d'une telle approche, offrant de nouvelles perspectives prometteuses. La mesure par ablation laser du strontium isotopique (87Sr/86Sr) et des éléments traces (Sr/Ca et Ba/Ca vs Mn/Ca, U/Ca et Mg/Ca) réalisée pour la première fois sur près d'une centaine d'individus permet notamment, par la création d'un nouveau protocole de traitement des données, d'éliminer des zones diagénétiques dans l'émail dentaire et de suivre à une échelle très fine les modifications alimentaires et de mobilité au cours du temps sur une période de vie précise de l'enfance

Sex and age-related social organization in the Neolithic: A promising survey from the Paris Basin

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Étude paléoalimentaire et isotopique des groupes humains de l’âge du Bronze : nouvelles perspectives sur le site de Barbuise et La Saulsotte (XIVe-XIIe s. av. J.-C., Aube, France)

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Dietary changes and millet consumption in northern France at the end of Prehistory: evidence from archaeobotanical and stable isotope data. Environmental Archaeology. 22: 268-282. DOI 10.1080/14614103.2016.1215799

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Dietary changes and millet consumption in northern France at the end of Prehistory: evidence from archaeobotanical and stable isotope data.

International audienceDiachronic changes of dietary human habits between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age are mainly identified through archaeological artefacts and archaeozoological and archaeobotanical studies. This paper aims to demonstrate the importance of a multi-disciplinary approach for palaeodietary studies and to identify the food changes between Neolithic and Bronze Age human groups in northern France. These changes are probably linked to the introduction of new crops, such as millet, and the use of stable isotope analysis on bones and teeth proves to be an effective method for assessing the role of this specific cereal in the diet and the economy. Stable isotope analyses were performed on bone and tooth collagen and apatite from eight humans and five domestic animals from a Late Bronze Age site (LBA; Barbuise; 15th–13th c. BC; Aube). The studied corpus is compared with isotopic data from human and animal bones from a nearby Neolithic site (Gurgy; 5th mill. BC; Yonne) and regional Neolithic to Iron sites located in northern France. Moreover, Barbuise data are supplemented by information from an important archaeobotanical study carried out on 21 LBA and Early Iron Age sites in the region. Neolithic and LBA human collagen isotopic ratios (δ13C, δ15N) differ statistically, as do those of some animals. Carbon isotopic ratios of human apatite corroborate collagen results indicating the consumption of 13C enriched food by LBA humans and animals compared to Neolithic samples. The high number of occurrences of plant remains in the Bronze Age settlements near the site points to the consumption of C4 plants, such as millet, and would account for these results

Tracking dietary changes and mobility patterns at a near weekly scale during childhood by LA-ICP-MS analysis in dental enamel: an experimental study on a Neolithic population in the Paris Basin (France). ISDM-IAPO-2017: 17th International Symposium on Dental Morphology (ISDM) & 2nd congress of International Association for Paleodontology (IAPO) (4-7octobre, Bordeaux).L. Rey, T. Tacail, V. Balter, S. Rottier, G. Goude

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Specifying subsistence strategies of Early farmers: new results from compound specific isotopic analysis of amino acids (CSIA‐AA)

International audienceUnderstanding the contribution of fish to the human dietis an important debate in past population studies as it implies specific organization (e.g. adapted techniques, gender-based activities?) and relationship with the local or sublocal environments (e.g. mobility, seasonal-based exploitation). In the Paris Basin, the role of fish has been discussed mainly from rare but obviousarchaeologicalremains such as fish bones or hooks. Previous isotopic data from Neolithic human bone bulk collagen highlighted the potential of freshwater resources in protein diet but were not able to quantify it or even confirm its role. In this study we conducted, for the first time on early farmers from France,compound specific isotope analysis on bone collagen amino acids (CSIA-AA). Results indicate a particularly high trophic level of some humans with protein intake mainly based on terrestrial animal resources (domestic cattle and pig), while others rather havea plant-based diet. Freshwater resources appeared to be not significant and several possible food combinations are discussed. Pig particularly appears more herbivorous than previously assumed and has possibly consumed manured cereals from human food waste

Disentangling diagenetic and biogenic trace elements and Sr radiogenic isotopes in fossil dental enamel using laser ablation analysis

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Endurance Training with or without Glucose-Fructose Ingestion: Effects on Lactate Metabolism Assessed in a Randomized Clinical Trial on Sedentary Men

Glucose-fructose ingestion increases glucose and lactate oxidation during exercise. We hypothesized that training with glucose-fructose would induce key adaptations in lactate metabolism. Two groups of eight sedentary males were endurance-trained for three weeks while ingesting either glucose-fructose (GF) or water (C). Effects of glucose-fructose on lactate appearance, oxidation, and clearance were measured at rest and during exercise, pre-training, and post-training. Pre-training, resting lactate appearance was 3.6 ± 0.5 vs. 3.6 ± 0.4 mg·kg−1·min−1 in GF and C, and was increased to 11.2 ± 1.4 vs. 8.8 ± 0.7 mg·kg−1·min−1 by exercise (Exercise: p < 0.01). Lactate oxidation represented 20.6% ± 1.0% and 17.5% ± 1.7% of lactate appearance at rest, and 86.3% ± 3.8% and 86.8% ± 6.6% during exercise (Exercise: p < 0.01) in GF and C, respectively. Training with GF increased resting lactate appearance and oxidation (Training × Intervention: both p < 0.05), but not during exercise (Training × Intervention: both p > 0.05). Training with GF and C had similar effects to increase lactate clearance during exercise (+15.5 ± 9.2 and +10.1 ± 5.9 mL·kg−1·min−1; Training: p < 0.01; Training × Intervention: p = 0.97). The findings of this study show that in sedentary participants, glucose-fructose ingestion leads to high systemic lactate appearance, most of which is disposed non-oxidatively at rest and is oxidized during exercise. Training with or without glucose-fructose increases lactate clearance, without altering lactate appearance and oxidation during exercise