Acortando la distancia entre la escuela y la comunidad : experiencia de construcción del currículo intercultural en la Institución Educativa Karmata Rua del resguardo Indígena de Cristiania

RESUMEN: El trabajo conjunto entre la escuela y aquellas comunidades más vulnerables de la sociedad es deseable y necesario; sin embargo, ha contado con más obstáculos que posibilidades, comenzando con la historia misma de la escolarización la cual arrebató sus hijos e hijas a las familias de sectores pobres y grupos étnicos, bajo el pretexto de prepararlos para mejorar sus condiciones de existencia, cuando en realidad contribuía a reproducir la discriminación social, al centrarse sólo en aquellas destrezas necesarias para un trabajo asalariado y mal remunerado. No olvidemos además que las escuelas a las que asisten estudiantes de bajos ingresos son también las que más carecen de recursos sociales, físicos y humanos. El asunto ha sido más dramático en los contextos indígenas a los cuales llegó la escuela en un afán colonizador y doctrinario, claramente en oposición a prácticas culturales ancestrales, contribuyendo a la destrucción del tejido social en la familia y la comunidad. Hoy en las comunidades indígenas, así el manejo de sus escuelas haya pasado a manos de autoridades y docentes indígenas, las secuelas de la colonización continúan. En este artículo presentamos una experiencia de reflexión sobre el potencial de la institución escolar para contribuir con los procesos organizativos de una comunidad indígena, pero a la vez las enormes dificultades para lograrlo, no sólo por presiones externas (sociedad mayoritaria, sistema educativo oficial) sino por conflictos internos. Reconocer estas problemáticas internas, aunque doloroso, es necesario para poder enfrentar con mayor fortaleza las distintas presiones que afectan a los pueblos indígenas

Violencia, alcohol, drogas, tabaco y sexualidad insegura en Medellín y el Area Metropolitana, 2007

RESUMEN: Se presentan los resultados de este estudio realizado durante 2007 en Medellín y los otros nueve municipios del Valle de Aburrá. Se describen la magnitud de estos comportamientos y su distribución por edad, sexo, nivel económico y social y educación. En publicaciones posteriores se espera poder entregar los análisis de asociación de los factores de protección y de riesgo con cada una de estas conductas. Contenido: Generalidades del Programa Previva: Descripción del Programa de Prevención de comportamientos de riesgo para la vida (PREVIVA). - - Metodología del estudio: Los objetivos del estudio. Metodología. Instrumentos. Recolección de la información. Definición de las variables. Análisis estadístico. -- La población encuestada: Características demográficas. Características sociales de la población encuestada. Participación comunitaria de las personas encuestadas. -- La denuncia de hechos violentos: Denuncia de hechos violentos. Razones para no denunciar la agresión. -- La violencia interpersonal: Testigo de las agresiones de menor severidad. Testigo de agresiones severas. Victimización de agresiones de menor severidad. Victimización por agresiones severas. Agresor de agresiones menos severas. Agresor de agresiones severas. Secuestro. Desplazamiento forzado. -- Magnitud y distribución de la violencia intrafamiliar: Violencia conyugal reportada por el agresor. Violencia conyugal reportada por la víctima. Violencia conyugal reportada por el hijo testigo de 12 a 15 años. Victimización del adolescente de 12 a 15 años por los padres, según informe del adolescente. Violencia contra los hijos menores de 5 años reportada por el agresor. El maltrato al menor de 12 años. Violencia entre hermanos. -- Actitud frente a la solución de conflictos: La primera reacción frente a un conflicto. Las posibles reacciones frente al conflicto. Número de reacciones frente al conflicto. -- Conductas sexuales de riesgo : Actividad sexual en menores de edad. Parejas sexuales. Uso del condón o preservativo. Relaciones sexuales bajo el efecto del licor y de otras sustancias psicoactivas. -- Consumo de sustancias psicoactivas: Consumo de tabaco. Consumo de licor. Consumo de sustancias psicoactivas ilegales y de sustancias legales, sin prescripción médica. -- Anexo. Violencia, alcohol, drogas, tabaco y sexualidad insegura en los municipios del Valle de Aburrá, 2007. -- Bibliografía

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of healthcare workers:study protocol for the COVID-19 HEalth caRe wOrkErS (HEROES) study

BACKGROUND: Preliminary country-specific reports suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic has a negative impact on the mental health of the healthcare workforce. In this paper, we summarize the protocol of the COVID-19 HEalth caRe wOrkErS (HEROES) study, an ongoing, global initiative, aimed to describe and track longitudinal trajectories of mental health symptoms and disorders among health care workers at different phases of the pandemic across a wide range of countries in Latin America, Europe, Africa, Middle-East, and Asia. METHODS: Participants from various settings, including primary care clinics, hospitals, nursing homes, and mental health facilities, are being enrolled. In 26 countries, we are using a similar study design with harmonized measures to capture data on COVID-19 related exposures and variables of interest during two years of follow-up. Exposures include potential stressors related to working in healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as sociodemographic and clinical factors. Primary outcomes of interest include mental health variables such as psychological distress, depressive symptoms, and posttraumatic stress disorders. Other domains of interest include potentially mediating or moderating influences such as workplace conditions, trust in the government, and the country’s income level. RESULTS: As of August 2021, ~ 34,000 health workers have been recruited. A general characterization of the recruited samples by sociodemographic and workplace variables is presented. Most participating countries have identified several health facilities where they can identify denominators and attain acceptable response rates. Of the 26 countries, 22 are collecting data and 2 plan to start shortly. CONCLUSIONS: This is one of the most extensive global studies on the mental health of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic, including a variety of countries with diverse economic realities and different levels of severity of pandemic and management. Moreover, unlike most previous studies, we included workers (clinical and non-clinical staff) in a wide range of settings. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00127-021-02211-9

OnTrack Chile for people with early psychosis: a study protocol for a Hybrid Type 1 trial

Background Substantial data from high-income countries support early interventions in the form of evidence-based Coordinated Specialty Care (CSC) for people experiencing First Episode Psychosis (FEP) to ameliorate symptoms and minimize disability. Chile is unique among Latin American countries in providing universal access to FEP services through a national FEP policy that mandates the identification of FEP individuals in primary care and guarantees delivery of community-based FEP treatments within a public health care system. Nonetheless, previous research has documented that FEP services currently provided at mental health clinics do not provide evidence-based approaches. This proposal aims to address this shortfall by first adapting OnTrackNY (OTNY), a CSC program currently being implemented across the USA, into OnTrackChile (OTCH), and then examine its effectiveness and implementation in Chile. Methods The Dynamic Adaptation Process will be used first to inform the adaptation and implementation of OTCH to the Chilean context. Then, a Hybrid Type 1 trial design will test its effectiveness and cost and evaluate its implementation using a cluster-randomized controlled trial (RCT) (N = 300 from 21 outpatient clinics). The OTCH program will be offered in half of these outpatient clinics to individuals ages 15-35. Usual care services will continue to be offered at the other clinics. Given the current COVID-19 pandemic, most research and intervention procedures will be conducted remotely. The study will engage participants over the course of 2 years, with assessments administered at enrollment, 12 months, and 24 months. Primary outcomes include implementation (fidelity, acceptability, and uptake) and service outcomes (person-centeredness, adherence, and retention). Secondary outcomes comprise participant-level outcomes such as symptoms, functioning, and recovery orientation. Over the course of the study, interviews and focus groups with stakeholders will be conducted to better understand the implementation of OTCH. Discussion Findings from this study will help determine the feasibility, effectiveness, and cost for delivering CSC services in Chile. Lessons learned about facilitators and barriers related to the implementation of the model could help inform the approach needed for these services to be further expanded throughout Latin America. Trial registration www.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04247711 . Registered 30 January 2020. Trial status The OTCH trial is currently recruiting participants. Recruitment started on March 1, 2021, and is expected to be completed by December 1, 2022. This is the first version of this protocol (5/12/2021)

Pathways to resilience : formal service and informal support use patterns among youth in challenging social ecologies; final technical report

Despite exposure to poverty, violence, mental illness, marginalization due to race, ethnicity, ability, divorce or death of their parents, cultural dislocation, and other risks, research shows that many at-risk youth still become active contributors to their families and as citizens in their communities. What would locally designed interventions look like that promote resilience (citizenship, prosociality, safety, etc.) for youth exposed to significant risk associated with their social and physical ecologies? As well as conducting research responding to this question, Pathways participants, researchers and students/interns were afforded 20 opportunities to learn and enhance their research-related skills

Exhausting care: On the collateral realities of caring in the early days of the Covid-19 pandemic

We explore care as a site of multiplicity and tension. Working with the qualitative interview accounts of nineteen health care workers in Colombia, we trace a narrative of ‘exhausting care’ in the early days of the Covid-19 pandemic. Accounts relate exhausting care to working without break in response to extraordinary demand, heightened contagion concern, the pressures of caring in the face of anticipated death, and efforts to carry on caring in the face of constraint. We bring together the work of John Law (2010, 2011) on ‘collateral realities’ with Lauren Berlant’s (2011) thesis of ‘cruel optimism’ to explore care as a site of practice in which the promise of the good can also become materialised as harm, given structural conditions. Through the reflexive narrative of ‘carrying on’ in the face of being ‘worn down’ by care, a narrative which runs through health care worker accounts, we draw attention to the collateral realities of exhausting care as personal and political, at once a practice of endurance and extraction. We argue that the exhausting care that relates to the extraordinariness of the Covid-19 pandemic also resides in the ordinariness, and slower violence, of the everyday. The cruel optimism of care is a relation in which the labour of care reproduces a harmful situation

Evaluación de dos diluyentes para la criopreservación de semen de caballos de la raza criollo colombiano

Introduction. The composition of the extenders for cryopreservation of stallion semen is crucial in cryotolerance and post-thaw fertilizing capacity of sperm cells. Objective. Evaluate two extenders for freezing the semen of Colombian creole stallions. Materials and methods. Semen of four Colombian creole stallions was cryopreserved by fast freezing protocol with Equipro® and Gent® extenders. Evaluation of sperm post-thaw motility was performed by a Sperm Class Analyzer system (SCA®) to examine total motility (TM), progressive motility (PM), velocity curvilinear (VCL), velocity straight line (VSL) and velocity average path (VAP). The sperm vitality (SV) and normal morphology (NM) were assessed by eosin-nigrosin staining; the plasmatic membrane integrity was determined by the hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOS). For statistical evaluation were adjusted generalized linear models (GLM) and the treatments averages were compared by the Tukey test. Associations between variables were assessed by Pearson correlation analysis. Results. Statistical difference (P≤ 0.05) was found for TM with averages of 50.9% ± 19.4% and 42.2% ± 15.1% for Equipro® and Gent®, respectively. Except for VSL no difference was found between the other evaluated parameters. There was a high association between motility parameters, vitality and membrane integrity. Conclusions. Equipro® extender produces superior post-thaw total motility rates than Gent® extender in sperm of Colombian creole stallions.Introdução. A composição dos diluentes para a criopreservação do sémen equino é determinante na criotolerância e a capacidade fecundante pós- descongelamento das células espermáticas. Objetivo. Avaliar dois diluentes para o congelamento de sémen de cavalos da raça crioulo colombiano. Materiais e métodos. O sémen de quatro cavalos da raça crioulo colombiano foi criopreservado mediante um protocolo de congelamento rápido com os diluentes Equipro® e Gent®. A avaliação da mobilidade do sémen pós-descongelação se realizou mediante um sistema de análise computadorizada de classe (SCA®), com o qual se analisaram a mobilidade total (MT), a mobilidade progressiva (MP), a velocidade curvilínea (VCL), a velocidade linear (VSL) e a velocidade média (VAP). A vitalidade espermática (VÊ) e a morfologia normal (MN) avaliaram-se mediante coloração com eosina-nigrosina; a integridade da membrana plasmática se determinou mediante a prova soluço-osmótica (HOS). Para a avaliação estatística se ajustaram modelos lineares generalizados (GLM) e as médias entre os tratamentos se compararam pela prova de Tukey. As associações entre as variáveis estudadas se avaliaram mediante uma análise de correlação de Pearson. Resultados. Achou-se diferença estatística significativa (P≤0.05) para a MT com médias de 50.9 % ± 19.4 % e 42.2 % ± 15.1 %, para Equipro® e Gent®, respectivamente. A exceção da VSL não se encontrou diferença entre os demais parâmetros avaliados. Encontrou-se uma alta correlação entre os parâmetros de mobilidade, vitalidade e integridade de membrana. Conclusão. O diluente Equipro® produz taxas de mobilidade total pós-descongelação superiores ao diluente Gent® no sémen de cavalos da raça crioulo colombiano.Introducción. La composición de los diluyentes para la criopreservación del semen equino es determinante en la criotolerancia y la capacidad fecundante post-descongelación de las células espermáticas. Objetivo. Evaluar dos diluyentes para la congelación de semen de caballos de la raza criollo colombiano. Materiales y métodos. El semen de cuatro caballos de la raza criollo colombiano fue criopreservado mediante un protocolo de congelación rápida con los diluyentes Equipro® y Gent®. La evaluación de la movilidad del semen posdescongelación se realizó mediante un sistema de análisis computarizado de clase (SCA®), con el cual se analizaron la movilidad total (MT), la movilidad progresiva (MP), la velocidad curvilínea (VCL), la velocidad lineal (VSL) y la velocidad media (VAP). La vitalidad espermática (VE) y la morfología normal (MN) se evaluaron mediante tinción con eosina-nigrosina; la integridad de la membrana plasmática se determinó mediante la prueba hipo-osmótica (HOS). Para la evaluación estadística se ajustaron modelos lineales generalizados (GLM) y las medias entre los tratamientos se compararon por la prueba de Tukey. Las asociaciones entre las variables estudiadas se evaluaron mediante un análisis de correlación de Pearson. Resultados. Se halló diferencia estadística significativa (P≤0.05) para la MT con medias de 50.9 % ± 19.4 % y 42.2 % ± 15.1 %, para Equipro® y Gent®, respectivamente. A excepción de la VSL no se encontró diferencia entre los demás parámetros evaluados. Se encontró una alta correlación entre los parámetros de movilidad, vitalidad e integridad de membrana. Conclusión. El diluyente Equipro® produce tasas de movilidad total posdescongelación superiores al diluyente Gent® en el semen de caballos de la raza criollo colombiano

Critical reflections on the municipal epidemiological resilience index used for public policy decision-making regarding the control of the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia

El 2 de junio de 2021, el Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social de Colombia expidió la Resolución 777, mediante la cual se determinan las condiciones para el reinicio de todas las actividades económicas y sociales restringidas. Asimismo, en esta resolución se define el Índice de resiliencia epidemiológi-ca municipal (IREM) como la herramienta para apoyar la toma de decisiones relacionadas con esta reactivación económica en medio del tercer pico epidémico de la COVID-19 en el país. El objetivo de este artículo es hacer un análisis crítico de los aspectos técnicos del IREM y explorar la conve-niencia de su implementación como soporte del reinicio de las actividades económicas y sociales propuesto en la resolución. Dentro de este análisis crítico se destaca la falta de una clara definición de resiliencia epidemiológica que se ajuste a la literatura científica. Además, se cuestiona tanto la validez de apariencia, contenido y constructo del índice global, como la validez del constructo de sus dimensiones y, por tanto, la pertinencia de usarlo como herramienta para definir dicho reinicioQ4On June 2, 2021, the Colombian Ministry of Health and Social Protection, through Resolution No. 777, laid down the requirements to resume all restricted economic and social activities. Similarly, said Resolution established the Municipal Epidemiological Resilience Index (IREM by its acronym in Spanish) as a tool to support decision-making regarding this economic reactivation amid the third epidemic peak of COVID-19 in the country. The purpose of this article is to perform a critical analysis of the technical aspects of the IREM and to explore the feasibility of its implementation as a support for the resumption of economic and social activities as proposed in the Resolution. The present critical analysis emphasizes on the lack of a clear definition of epidemiological resilience that is consistent with the scientific literature. Furthermore, the face and content validity of the index, as well as the construct validity of the index and of its dimensions, are called into question and, therefore, the feasibility of using it to determine said resumptionRevista Nacional - Indexad