Multi-isotopic analysis reveals the early stem turtle Odontochelys as a nearshore herbivorous forager

IntroductionAfter decades of debate on the origin of turtles, it is now widely accepted that they are diapsid reptiles originating in the Permian from a terrestrial ancestor. It seems that the initial development of the structures that will later form the unique turtle bony shell took place as a response to a fossorial lifestyle. However, the earliest stem turtle with a fully complete plastron, Odontochelys semitestacea from the Late Triassic (lower Carnian) of China, is somewhat controversially interpreted as an aquatic or even a marine form, raising the question of the environment in which the completion of the plastron happened.MethodsHere, we analyzed the stable carbon, oxygen and sulfur isotope compositions (δ13C, δ18O and δ34S) of bones from two specimens of Odontochelys along with bones and teeth of two associated specimens of the marine ichthyosaur Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae.Results and discussionWe first show that δ18O values of Odontochelys are incompatible with a terrestrial lifestyle and imply a semi-aquatic to aquatic lifestyle. Isotopic results also demonstrate that the aquatic environment of Odontochelys was submitted to a strong marine influence, therefore excluding the possibility of a strict freshwater aquatic environment. Additionally, an unusual carbon isotope composition shows that O. semitestacea was herbivorous, probably consuming macrophytic algae in coastal zones like the extant green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) or the marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) do

Paléobiodiversité des vertébrés du Lagerstätte du Crétacé inférieur d'Angeac–Charente (sud–ouest de la France), implications pour le renouvellement faunique continental à la limite J/K.

International audienceThis contribution describes the continental micro- and macrovertebrate fauna of Angeac-Charente (Berriasian, Early Cretaceous). The rich and diversified fauna indudes at least 38 different vertebrate taxa from all major clades, and is represented by more than 50 000 specimens. The Angeac-Charente locality includes the most diverse earliest Cretaceous mixed continental bonebed and the only Lager-statte known to date in the World, and it provides a good picture of a Purbeckian paleocommunity. It includes remarkable taxa such as a new ornithomimosaur, a large turiasaur, an helochelydrid turtle and numerous mammals. The vertebrate fauna of Angeac-Charente has beyond all a Purberckian character. Many exclusively European genera and species belong to families with an essentially Laurasian paleogeographic distribution. Some taxa nevertheless suggest dispersal events between Africa and Europe at the Jurassic/Cretaceous transition. The successive Charentese faunas of Chassiron (Tithonian), Cherves-de-Cognac (Berriasian) and Angeac-Charente improve our poor knowledge of the evolution of continental vertebrate faunas at the Jurassic/Cretaceous transition. Rather than reflecting an important faunal turnover between the Tithonian and the Berriasian, they record environmental changes related to the sea-level regression that characterizes the end of the Jurassic.La faune de vertébrés continentaux, représentée à la fois par des macro- et des microrestes, du Berriasien d'Angeac-Charente est décrite ici. Cette faune riche et diversifiée comprend au moins 38 taxons différents de vertébrés provenant de tous les grands clades et est constituée de plus de 50 000 spécimens. Le gisement d'Angeac-Charente est le plus diversifié des bonebeds mixtes et le seul Lagerstätte continental du Crétacé connu à ce jour dans le monde. Il donne une bonne image de la paléocommunauté purbeckienne. Cette dernière comprend des taxons remarquables tels qu'un nouvel ornithomimosaure, un grand turiasaure, une tortue hélochelydride et de nombreux mammifères. La faune d'Angeac-Charente présente avant tout un cachet purbeckien. De nombreux genres et espèces exclusivement européens appartiennent à des familles dont la répartition paléogéographique est essentiellement laurasiatique. Certains taxons suggèrent néanmoins des événements de dispersion entre l'Afrique et l'Europe à la transition Jurassique/Crétacé. Les faunes charentaises des gisements de Chassiron (Tithonien), de Cherves-de-Cognac (Berriasien) et d'Angeac-Charente améliorent nos connaissances sur l'évolution des faunes continentales à la transition Jurassique-Crétacé. Plutôt que de refléter un important renouvellement faunistique entre le Tithonien et le Berriasien, elles enregistrent les changements environnementaux liés à la régression globale qui caractérise la fin du Jurassique

Table_1_Multi-isotopic analysis reveals the early stem turtle Odontochelys as a nearshore herbivorous forager.xlsx

IntroductionAfter decades of debate on the origin of turtles, it is now widely accepted that they are diapsid reptiles originating in the Permian from a terrestrial ancestor. It seems that the initial development of the structures that will later form the unique turtle bony shell took place as a response to a fossorial lifestyle. However, the earliest stem turtle with a fully complete plastron, Odontochelys semitestacea from the Late Triassic (lower Carnian) of China, is somewhat controversially interpreted as an aquatic or even a marine form, raising the question of the environment in which the completion of the plastron happened.MethodsHere, we analyzed the stable carbon, oxygen and sulfur isotope compositions (δ13C, δ18O and δ34S) of bones from two specimens of Odontochelys along with bones and teeth of two associated specimens of the marine ichthyosaur Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae.Results and discussionWe first show that δ18O values of Odontochelys are incompatible with a terrestrial lifestyle and imply a semi-aquatic to aquatic lifestyle. Isotopic results also demonstrate that the aquatic environment of Odontochelys was submitted to a strong marine influence, therefore excluding the possibility of a strict freshwater aquatic environment. Additionally, an unusual carbon isotope composition shows that O. semitestacea was herbivorous, probably consuming macrophytic algae in coastal zones like the extant green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) or the marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) do.</p

Table_2_Multi-isotopic analysis reveals the early stem turtle Odontochelys as a nearshore herbivorous forager.xlsx

IntroductionAfter decades of debate on the origin of turtles, it is now widely accepted that they are diapsid reptiles originating in the Permian from a terrestrial ancestor. It seems that the initial development of the structures that will later form the unique turtle bony shell took place as a response to a fossorial lifestyle. However, the earliest stem turtle with a fully complete plastron, Odontochelys semitestacea from the Late Triassic (lower Carnian) of China, is somewhat controversially interpreted as an aquatic or even a marine form, raising the question of the environment in which the completion of the plastron happened.MethodsHere, we analyzed the stable carbon, oxygen and sulfur isotope compositions (δ13C, δ18O and δ34S) of bones from two specimens of Odontochelys along with bones and teeth of two associated specimens of the marine ichthyosaur Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae.Results and discussionWe first show that δ18O values of Odontochelys are incompatible with a terrestrial lifestyle and imply a semi-aquatic to aquatic lifestyle. Isotopic results also demonstrate that the aquatic environment of Odontochelys was submitted to a strong marine influence, therefore excluding the possibility of a strict freshwater aquatic environment. Additionally, an unusual carbon isotope composition shows that O. semitestacea was herbivorous, probably consuming macrophytic algae in coastal zones like the extant green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) or the marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) do.</p

Paléobiodiversité des vertébrés du Lagerstätte du Crétacé inférieur (Berriasien) d’Angeac-Charente (sud-ouest de la France), implications pour le renouvellement faunique continental à la limite J/K.

International audienceThis contribution describes the continental micro- and macrovertebrate fauna of Angeac-Charente (Berriasian, Early Cretaceous). The rich and diversified fauna includes at least 38 different vertebrate taxa from all major clades, and is represented by more than 50 000 specimens. The Angeac-Charente locality includes the most diverse earliest Cretaceous mixed continental bonebed and the only Lagerstätte known to date in the World, and it provides a good picture of a Purbeckian paleocommunity. It includes remarkable taxa such as a new ornithomimosaur, a large turiasaur, an helochelydrid turtle and numerous mammals. The vertebrate fauna of Angeac-Charente has beyond all a Purberckian character. Many exclusively European genera and species belong to families with an essentially Laurasian paleogeographic distribution. Some taxa nevertheless suggest dispersal events between Africa and Europe at the Jurassic/Cretaceous transition. The successive Charentese faunas of Chassiron (Tithonian), Cherves-de-Cognac (Berriasian) and Angeac-Charente improve our poor knowledge of the evolution of continental vertebrate faunas at the Jurassic/Cretaceous transition. Rather than reflecting an important faunal turnover between the Tithonian and the Berriasian, they record environmental changes related to the sea–level regression that characterizes the end of the Jurassic.La faune de vertébrés continentaux, représentée à la fois par des macro- et des microrestes, du Berriasien d’Angeac-Charente est décrite ici. Cette faune riche et diversifiée comprend au moins 38 taxons différents de vertébrés provenant de tous les grands clades et est constituée de plus de 50 000 spécimens. Le gisement d ’Angeac-Charente est le plus diversifié des bonebeds mixtes et le seul Lagerstätte continental du Crétacé connu à ce jour dans le monde. Il donne une bonne image de la paléocommunauté purbeckienne. Cette dernière comprend des taxons remarquables tels qu’un nouvel ornithomimosaure, un grand turiasaure, une tortue hélochelydride et de nombreux mammifères. La faune d’Angeac-Charente présente avant tout un cachet purbeckien. De nombreux genres et espèces exclusivement européens appartiennent à des familles dont la répartition paléogéographique est essentiellement laurasiatique. Certains taxons suggèrent néanmoins des événements de dispersion entre l’Afrique et l’Europe à la transition Jurassique/Crétacé. Les faunes charentaises des gisements de Chassiron (Tithonien), de Cherves-de-Cognac (Berriasien) et d’Angeac-Charente améliorent nos connaissances sur l’évolution des faunes continentales à la transition Jurassique-Crétacé. Plutôt que de refléter un important renouvellement faunistique entre le Tithonien et le Berriasien, elles enregistrent les changements environnementaux liés à la régression globale qui caractérise la fin du Jurassique

Palaeontology of the Purbeck-type (Tithonian, Late Jurassic) bonebeds of Chassiron (Oléron Island, western France)

International audienceThe paralic flora and fauna from the Late Jurassic of Chassiron (Oléron Island, western France) are described. The Tithonian-aged bonebeds of Purbeck facies of this locality have yielded a rich and diverse vertebrate assemblage including fishes, amphibians, reptiles and mammals, alongside numerous plant and invertebrate remains. The Chassiron locality thus appears as a peculiar Konzentrat-Lagerstätte in which most of the palaeoecosystem's biological components (both aquatic and terrestrial) have been preserved. The depositional environment was probably subject to salinity fluctuations, as indicated by the co-occurrence of freshwater and euryhaline organisms. This is one of the richest localities and the first mammal-bearing site known from the Jurassic of France