Caracterização molecular, morfoagronômica e de qualidade de grãos de genótipos elite de cevada irrigada no cerrado

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, 2013.A versatilidade da cevada (Hordeum vulgare L.) em adaptar-se a diversos ambientes e a sua importância econômica proporcionou sua introdução no Cerrado, como cultura irrigada de inverno, na década de 70. Contudo, o êxito da sua inserção dentro do sistema de produção no Cerrado necessita de estudos contínuos e direcionados ao desenvolvimento de cultivares mais produtivas, com maior qualidade malteira e mais adaptadas. A caracterização e avaliação dos recursos genéticos da cevada, mediante caracterização agronômica e de qualidade e aliando o emprego de técnicas moleculares é a base do sucesso dos programas de melhoramento genético. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se gerar informações moleculares, morfoagronômicas e de qualidade de grãos, por meio da caracterização de genótipos elite de cevada irrigada e de estimativas de parâmetros genéticos, visando explorar mais eficientemente a variabilidade genética existente e permitir o desenvolvimento de variedades mais produtivas, com maior qualidade malteira e adaptadas a diferentes condições edafoclimáticas sob irrigação no Cerrado. Conduziu-se o ensaio na área experimental da Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina, DF, situada a 15º35’ 30’’ de latitude Sul e 47º42’30’’ de longitude Oeste, numa altitude de 1.007 m, sob sistema de irrigação convencional. Foram avaliados 39 genótipos elite de cevada, hexástica e dística, provenientes da Coleção de Trabalho da Embrapa Cerrados, de origens diversas, adotando-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. A variabilidade genética foi estimada utilizando 12 caracteres morfoagronômicos quantitativos, 10 caracteres de qualidade malteira e com base em 160 marcadores moleculares RAPD. Foram obtidos 160 marcadores RAPD, dos quais 141 (88,12%) foram polimórficos encontrando-se elevada variabilidade genética, passível de ser utilizada no melhoramento genético. Observou-se a existência de variabilidade genética entre os genótipos de cevada avaliados para caracteres qualitativos malteiros, sendo que os caracteres qualitativos que mais contribuíram para a divergência genética foram o nitrogênio solúvel e β-glucanas. A dissimilaridade genética de acessos elite de cevada com base em características morfoagronômicas foi estimada com base na distância generalizada de Mahalanobis e as análises de agrupamento foram realizadas utilizando como critério o método do UPGMA e o método das coordenadas principais. Foram observadas diferenças altamente significativas entre os genótipos para todas as características avaliadas. As características que mais contribuíram para a variabilidade foram a área foliar da folha bandeira e o espigamento, enquanto o teor de proteína e o acamamento foram as que menos contribuíram. Foi verificada uma tendência de agrupamento dos materiais dísticos e hexásticos. As correlações genotípicas encontradas foram, para todos os caracteres, em valores absolutos, superiores às suas correspondentes correlações fenotípicas e ambientais. Houve grande contribuição dos fatores genéticos na expressão dos caracteres e a acurácia seletiva foi alta para todos os caracteres. As elevadas magnitudes dos coeficientes de variação genética e das estimativas da herdabilidade ampla indicaram a existência de variabilidade genética apontando a possibilidade de obterem-se ganhos genéticos com a seleção para todos os caracteres. As distâncias genéticas estimadas com base em marcadores moleculares, características quantitativas e qualitativas foram fracamente correlacionadas, evidenciando a complementaridade dos diferentes grupos de características no estudo da diversidade genética. A utilização de índices de seleção e a análise da dispersão gráfica dos genótipos permitiram a seleção de genótipos promissores e indicação de cruzamentos para maximizar efeitos heteróticos e complementaridade gênica no programa de melhoramento genético da cevada irrigada no Cerrado. Como resultado finalístico desse trabalho, foi selecionada a BRS Savanna, para o cultivo em Goiás, Minas Gerais e do Distrito Federal. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThe economic importance of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and its versatility to adapt to diverse environments afforded its introduction in the Savanna in the 70s as an irrigated winter crop. However, the success of the integration of barley within the production system in the Savanna requires continuous research and directed the development of more productive cultivars with higher malt quality and better adapted to the environment. The agronomical and quality characterization and evaluation of genetic resources of barley combining the use of molecular techniques is the basis for success of breeding programs. This work aimed to generate agronomic, grain quality and molecular information, through the characterization and the estimation of genetic parameters using a collection of elite genotypes. This information would allow to explore more efficiently the genetic variability and to enable the development of more productive varieties with higher malt quality and adapted to different soil and climatic conditions under irrigation in the Savanna. The experiments were conducted at the Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina, DF, Brazil, located at 15°35'30" S latitude, 47°42'30" E longitude and 1.007 m located at 15º35'30'', under conventional sprinkling irrigation system. Thirty-nine elite, two and six-rowed barley genotypes from a Working Collection of Embrapa Cerrados from various origins, were evaluated, in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Genetic variability was estimated using 12 quantitative morphological characteristics, 10 parameters of malt quality and based on 160 RAPD markers. From the160 RAPD markers, 141 (88.12%) were polymorphic indicating high genetic variability, which can be used in breeding. It was observed that there is genetic variability for the malting qualitative traits among the barley genotypes evaluated, and the qualitative traits that contributed the most to the genetic diversity were soluble nitrogen and β-glucans. The genetic diversity of elite barley accessions based on agro-morphological traits was estimated based on the Mahalanobis distance and cluster analyses were performed using as criteria the UPGMA method and the method of principal coordinates. Highly significant differences were found among the genotypes for all traits evaluated. The traits that most contributed to the variability were the flag leaf area and silking, while the protein content and lodging were the traits that contributed the least. A cluster tendency of two and six-rowed samples was observed. The genotypic correlations found for all traits were greater than their corresponding phenotypic and environmental correlations. A significant influence of genetic factors on the traits expression was observed and it could be concluded that the phenotypic expression is decreased depending on the environment conditions. The selection accuracy was rated high for all traits. The high values found in the estimation of the coefficients of genetic variation and broad sense heritability indicated the existence of large genetic variability, allowing the possibility of obtaining genetic gains through the selection for all characters. The genetic distances estimated by molecular markers on quantitative and qualitative traits were weakly correlated, showing the complementarily of different groups of features in the study of genetic diversity. The use of selection indices and graphical analysis of the dispersion of genotypes allowed the selection of promising genotypes and directing crosses to maximize complementarily and heterosis effects on a genetic breeding program of irrigated barley in the Savanna. As a result of this advanced work the variety Savanna BRS was selected for cultivation in the Brazilian States of Goiás, Minas Gerais and Federal District

BRS Savanna: new six-rowed malting barley cultivar for irrigated crops in the Brazilian savanna

BRS Savanna, a cross between V. Morales x IF200113, is a spring andan early-maturing six-rowed barley, widely adaptedto irrigated areas of the savanna, in Central Brazil. It presents production stability and the industrial quality, grain yield and lodgingresistance are high. It is suitable for cultivation in the states of GO, MG and DF

Estimation of genetic parameters, phenotypic, genotypic and environmental correlations on Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) grown under irrigation conditions in the Brazilian Savannah.

The purpose of the present study was to estimate the heritability of traits through phenotypic, genetic and environmental parameters related to the production components and agro-morphological characters: plant height (PHt), days to heading, lodging, grain yield (YLD), thousand kernels weight (TKW), protein content, and commercial classification of grains (CLASS) of an elite collection of 39 barley genotypes grown under irrigated conditions in the savannah of Central Brazil. The experiment was planted under irrigation on May 2009 at Embrapa Cerrados, Federal District, Brazil. A complete randomized block design with four replicates was used. Genetic variability was observed among the tested genotypes. The genotypic correlations (in absolute values) found for all traits were greater than their corresponding phenotypic and environmental correlations. A significant influence of genetic factors on trait expression was observed. It could be concluded that the phenotypic expression is decreased depending on the environmental conditions. The greatest magnitudes for the genotypic and phenotypic correlations were found for TKW and CLASS. Trait YLD was positively correlated to PHt in terms of genotypic and phenotypic correlation. The selection accuracy was rated high for all traits. The high magnitudes found in the estimation of broad sense heritability indicated the existence of genetic variability, showing the possibility of obtaining genetic gains through the selection for all characters

Yield, maturation cycle, and estimates of genetic parameters of Robusta coffee genotypes under irrigation in the Cerrado

Eighty-five Coffea canephora genotypes were evaluated for three crop seasons under irrigation in the Cerrado of the Distrito Federal, Brazil, to characterize the population regarding phenotype, yield and maturation cycle. The experiment was conducted through the Basic Model of Repeatability without Design methodology. Regarding the cycles, genotypes were divided into four groups with the following periods, in days, from resumption of irrigation to the cherry stage: very early (243-255), early (256-267), medium (268-280), and semi-late (281-293). For yield, the repeatability obtained was approximately 33%, a medium value that represents the proportion of the permanent phenotypic variance in relation to the total phenotypic variance. The average repeatability obtained surpassed 59%, and accuracy, with three crop seasons, reached 77%. The selection gains obtained may be higher than 38%. There are promising genotypes for cultivation in the region under study. The mean repeatability and the accuracy obtained favor selection based on phenotypes

Caracterização agronômica de acessos de cevada de alta produtividade sob irrigação no Cerrado

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar parâmetros genéticos, fenotípicos e ambientais de 113 acessos de cevada (Hordeum vulgare), previamente selecionados com base em alta produtividade, em sistema de produção irrigado no Cerrado, para uso em programas de melhoramento no Brasil. O experimento foi realizado em 2013, em dois locais no Distrito Federal, tendo-se utilizado o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Avaliaram-se as características: rendimento de grãos, classificação comercial de primeira, peso de mil grãos, altura de plantas, acamamento e dias para espigamento. Foram observadas diferenças significativas entre ambientes e acessos para todas as características avaliadas, além de interação genótipo x ambiente. Os acessos MCU 3832 PI 402310, MCU 3484 PI 401962, CI 08053 Custer, MCU 3634 PI 402112 e MCU 3816 PI 402294 destacaram-se em relação ao rendimento de grãos e à classificação comercial de primeira. É possível obter altos ganhos de seleção com altos valores de herdabilidade. No entanto, a seleção indireta não é recomendada nas condições experimentais, em razão das baixas correlações genotípicas e fenotípicas obtidas. Também é possível a seleção simultânea de acessos de cevada com alto rendimento e ciclo de espigamento precoce, fator decisivo no processo de escolha de genótipos para futuros experimentos. Os acessos colombianos são os mais adaptados às condições de Cerrado.The objective of this work was to estimate the genetic, phenotypic, and environmental parameters of 113 barley accessions (Hordeum vulgare), previously selected based on high yield, in an irrigated production system in the Cerrado (Brazilian savanna), for use in breeding programs in Brazil. The experiment was conducted in 2013 at two sites in the Federal District, using a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The evaluated traits were: grain yield, kernel plumpness, thousand grain weight, plant height, lodging, and days to heading. Significant differences were observed between environment and accessions for all studied traits, as well as genotype x environment interaction. The MCU 3832 PI 402310, MCU 3484 PI 401962, CI 08053 Custer, MCU 3634 PI 402112, and MCU 3816 PI 402294 accessions stood out regarding grain yield and kernel plumpness. It is possible to obtain high selection gains with high heritability values. However, indirect selection is not recommended in the experimental conditions due to the low genotypic and phenotypic correlations obtained. It is also possible to select barley accessions with high yield and early heading date simultaneously, an important factor in the genotype selection process for future experiments. The accessions from Colombia are the most adapted to the Cerrado conditions

Comportamento de espécies de adubos verdes em diferentes épocas de semeadura e espaçamentos na região dos Cerrados

In 1991/1992 growing season, three field experiments were carried out to evaluate the growth and development of sunn (Crotalaria juncea), Crotalaria ochroleuca, black velvet bean (Mucuna aterrima), pigeon pea cv. Kaki (Cajanus cajan) as green manures at three sowing dates and two row spacings at Embrapa-Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Solos (CNPS), Senador Canedo, GO, Brazil. The experimental design used was a complete randomized block with split-plot and three replicates. Highest yields of dry matter were obtained with C. juncea and C. cajan. The delay in sowing dates to the beginning of the rainy season, reduced yield of fresh and dry matter of all legume species, except black velvet bean. Row-spacings of 0,5 and 0,4 cm did not influence the time for flowering and the yield of fresh and dry matter.Com o objetivo de avaliar o crescimento e desenvolvimento de leguminosas utilizadas como adubos verdes, instalaram-se três ensaios, em três épocas de semeadura e dois espaçamentos na região dos Cerrados, durante o ano agrícola de 1991/1992, na área experimental da Embrapa-Centro Nacional de Pesquisa do Solo (CNPS), em Senador Canedo, GO. As espécies avaliadas foram Crotalaria juncea L., mucuna-preta (Mucuna aterrima (Piper & Tracy) Merr.), guandu cv. Kaki (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) e Crotalaria ochroleuca G. Don. O delineamento experimental utilizado, dentro de cada época, foi o de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. Os resultados indicaram que C. juncea e C. cajan apresentaram as maiores produções de fitomassa seca. O atraso da semeadura, em relação ao início da estação chuvosa, reduziu os rendimentos de fitomassas verde e seca produzidos pelas leguminosas, exceto pela mucuna-preta. Os espaçamentos de 0,5 m e 0,4 m não influenciaram o período para o florescimento e as produções de fitomassas verde e seca

Genetic parameters and agronomic characterization of elite barley accessions under irrigation in the cerrado

There is a demand for barley cultivars that are suitable for the malt industry as well as genotypes that are stable and better adapted for irrigation in the Cerrado. This study aimed to estimate the genetic parameters by assessing 69 barley genotypes from different countries, from 2012 to 2014, under irrigation in the Cerrado. Six agronomic characteristics were assessed: grain yield, plumpness kernel, thousand seeds weight, plant height, degree of plant lodging and days to heading. Analysis of variance, cluster test and phenotypic, genotypic and environmental correlations were performed. Significant effects were observed for genotypes, years and the G x E interaction. High values of broad-sense heritability (> 86%) were found for all the characteristics, which enabled direct selection. The Colombian accession MCU363PI402112 stood out for its agronomic characteristics. Genotype selection based on the phenotypic evaluations was possible due to their good experimental accuracy and precision. Precocious genotypes with high grain yields and homogeneous grain sizes were selected. Due to the environmental influence on the grain yield, additional studies concerning the components of yield in this environment are necessary to facilitate the selection of more productive genotypes

Análise de crescimento de girassol em Latossolo com diferentes níveis de saturação por bases no Cerrado

In order to study the growth cycle of five sunflower cultivars, four experiments were carried out under four levels of basis saturation (18%, 35%, 56% and 77%), obtained with the application of dolomitic limestone in an acidic Red Latosol, clay texture (Tipic Haplusthox). Weekly growth data were fitted using the Logistic, three parameters Weibull and four parameters Generalized Logistic (a special case of Richards function) functions. Among the models used, the Logistic function obtained was the best growth data fitting. The NLIN procedure of SAS statistical package was used for fitting the data through the interactive process of DUD method. Cultivars were grouped according to final size and growth rates by a cluster analysis using the complete linkage method and by the Euclidian distance. Sunflowers growth reduced in all cultivars at 18% basis saturation level. At 35% basis saturation level, the best results were achieved for cultivar M734. In other instances, the best growth results were obtained between 56% and 77%. For cultivars EMBRAPA 122 and M738, growth rates were reduced when basis saturation was increased to 77%. The cultivar EMBRAPA 122 presented initial higher growth rate and lower plant height at the end of vegetative cycle.Com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento de cinco cultivares de girassol em um Latossolo Vermelho argiloso, foram realizados quatro ensaios sob quatro níveis de saturação por bases (18%, 35%, 56% e 77%) obtidos com aplicação de calcário dolomítico. Os dados semanais de crescimento foram ajustados pelas funções logística, Weibull de três parâmetros e a logística generalizada de quatro parâmetros empregando-se o procedimento NLIN do SAS, bem como os processos interativos do método DUD. A função logística forneceu os melhores ajustes aos dados de crescimento. As cultivares foram categorizadas de acordo com o porte das plantas e tendências de crescimento a partir da análise de agrupamentos (cluster analysis), usando o método das ligações completas e a métrica da distância euclidiana. Todas as cultivares tiveram o crescimento reduzido quando o nível de saturação de bases foi de 18%. A cultivar M734 apresentou bom desempenho no nível de 35% de saturação por bases. Nos demais casos, os melhores resultados foram obtidos nos níveis de saturação por bases entre 56% e 77%. As cultivares EMBRAPA 122 e M738 tiveram redução de crescimento quando a saturação foi elevada para 77%. 'EMBRAPA 122' apresentou maior crescimento inicial e menor altura ao final do ciclo vegetativo

Variabilidade genética de acessos de cevada-nua com base em dados moleculares e quantitativos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar e quantificar a variabilidade genética, molecular e agronômica de genótipos de cevada-nua, para a seleção de genitores e a identificação de genótipos adaptados ao sistema de produção irrigada no bioma Cerrado. Dezoito acessos de cevada-nua foram avaliados e três acessos de grãos de cevada com casca serviram como referência. A caracterização baseou-se em 157 marcadores moleculares RAPD e dez características agronômicas. As matrizes de distância genética foram obtidas com base em marcadores moleculares e características quantitativas. Realizaram-se análises de agrupamento e dispersão gráfica dos acessos. A variabilidade genética, molecular e agronômica foi alta entre os acessos. Os acessos etíopes foram geneticamente mais similares, e os acessos brasileiros, geneticamente mais distantes. Quanto às características agronômicas, obtiveram-se dois agrupamentos mais consistentes, um com mais materiais dísticos e outro com os hexásticos. Os genótipos mais divergentes foram os dísticos CI 13453, CN Cerrado 5, CN Cerrado 1 e CN Cerrado 2. Os genótipos PI 356466, CN Cerrado 1, PI 370799 e CI 13453 apresentam características agronômicas de interesse e, como são distintos geneticamente, são indicados para cruzamentos em programas de melhoramento genético.The objective of this work was to characterize and quantify the genetic, molecular, and agronomic variability of hull-less barley genotypes, for the selection of parents and identification of genotypes adapted to the irrigated production system in the Brazilian Cerrado. Eighteen hull-less barley accessions were evaluated, and three covered barley accessions served as reference. The characterization was based on 157 RAPD molecular markers and ten agronomic traits. Genetic distance matrices were obtained based on molecular markers and quantitative traits. Graphic grouping and dispersion analyses were performed. Genetic, molecular, and agronomic variability was high among genotypes. Ethiopian accessions were genetically more similar, and the Brazilian ones were genetically more distant. For agronomic traits, two more consistent groupings were obtained, one with the most two-rowed materials, and the other with six-rowed materials. The more diverging materials were the two-rowed CI 13453, CN Cerrado 5, CN Cerrado 1, and CN Cerrado 2. The PI 356466, CN Cerrado 1, PI 370799, and CI 13453 genotypes show agronomic traits of interest and, as genetically different genotypes, they are indicated for crossing, in breeding programs