The atmospheric effects of stratospheric aircraft. Report of the 1992 Models and Measurements Workshop. Volume 1: Workshop objectives and summary

This Workshop on Stratospheric Models and Measurements (M&M) marks a significant expansion in the history of model intercomparisons. It provides a foundation for establishing the credibility of stratospheric models used in environmental assessments of chlorofluorocarbons, aircraft emissions, and climate-chemistry interactions. The core of the M&M comparisons involves the selection of observations of the current stratosphere (i.e., within the last 15 years): these data are believed to be accurate and representative of certain aspects of stratospheric chemistry and dynamics that the models should be able to simulate

The Enigmatic Nature of Toxic Masculinity: Utilizing Quasi-Photovoice Methodology to Make Distinctions between Hegemonic and Toxic Masculinity

Studies of masculinity are fraught by inconsistent and unclear definitions. A comparison of literature which uses either hegemonic or toxic masculinity as a framework reveals that toxic masculinity can be virtually indistinguishable from hegemonic masculinity. I posit that toxic masculinity is and should be distinct from hegemonic masculinity. Failure to distinguish toxic masculinity from hegemonic masculinity makes toxicity difficult, if not impossible, to operationalize. I designed a vignette survey to clarify the conceptualization and operationalization of toxic masculinity. My vignette survey, which asks participants to respond to prompts regarding both toxic masculinity and masculinity, uses quasi-photovoice methodology to allow participants to select, contextualize, and codify data. This research can contribute to the quantitative operationalization of toxic masculinity through the development of a scale

Mental Health Screening: Pennsylvania\u27s Experience In Juvenile Detention

Describes the Juvenile Detention Centers Association of Pennsylvania\u27s project to examine the mental health needs of detained youths

Unshrouded plate fin heat sinks for electronics cooling: Validation of a comprehensive thermal model and cost optimization in semi-active configuration

Plate Fin Heat Sinks (PFHS) are among the simplest and most widespread devices for electronics cooling. Because of the many design parameters to be considered, developing both cost and thermal effective PFHS is a critical issue. Here, a novel thermal model of PFHS is presented. The model has a broad field of applicability, being comprehensive of the effects of flow bypass, developing boundary layers, fin efficiency and spreading resistance. Experiments are then carried out to validate the proposed thermal model, and its good accuracy is demonstrated. Finally, an optimization methodology based on genetic algorithms is proposed for a cost-effective selection of the design parameters of PFHS, which is particularly effective with semi-active configurations. Such an optimization methodology is then tested on a commercial heat sink, resulting in a possible 53% volume reduction at fixed thermal performances

Two Maine Forest Pests: A Comparison of Approaches to Understanding Threats to Hemlock and Ash Trees in Maine

The authors describe two invasive insect forest pests; the hemlock wooly adelgid (HWA) has already arrived in Maine, and the emerald ash borer (EAB) has not yet reached Maine, but will have a devastating effect on the state’s Indian basketmakers when it does arrive. With funding through Maine’s Sustainability Solutions Initiative, teams based at the University of Maine and Unity College are bringing together faculty, students, and stakeholders to better understand the threats that infestations pose to the ecology and economy of the Maine’s forests and to longstanding cultural practices

Radiometric Stability of the SABER Instrument

The SABER instrument on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics satellite continues to provide a long‐term record of Earth\u27s stratosphere, mesosphere, and lower thermosphere. The SABER data are being used to examine long‐term changes and trends in temperature, water vapor, and carbon dioxide. A tacit, central assumption of these analyses is that the SABER instrument radiometric calibration is not changing with time; that is, the instrument is stable. SABER stratospheric temperatures and those derived from Global Positioning System Radio Occultation measurements are compared to examine SABER\u27s stability. Global Positioning System Radio Occultation measurements are inherently stable due to the accuracy and traceability of the measured phase delay rate to the Système Internationale definition of the second. Differences in global annual mean SABER and COSMIC lower stratospheric temperatures show little significant change with time in the 11 years spanning 2007–2017. From this analysis we infer that SABER temperatures are stable to better than 0.1 to 0.2 K per decade

Rough surfaces with enhanced heat transfer for electronics cooling by direct metal laser sintering

Experimental evidences are reported on the potential of direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) in manufacturing flat and finned heat sinks with a remarkably enhanced convective heat transfer coefficient, taking advantage of artificial roughness in fully turbulent regime. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study where artificial roughness by DMLS is investigated in terms of such thermal performances. On rough flat surfaces, we experience a peak of 73 % for the convective heat transfer enhancement (63 % on average) compared to smooth surfaces. On rough (single) finned surfaces, the best performance is found to be 40 % (35 % on average) compared to smooth finned surface. These results refer to setups with Reynolds numbers (based on heated edge) within 3,500 < Re_L < 16,500 (corresponding to 35,000 < Re_D < 165,000 in terms of Reynolds number based on hydraulic diameter). Experimental data are obtained by a purposely developed sensor with maximum and mean estimated tolerance intervals of +/- 7.0 % and +/- 5.4 %, respectively. Following the idea by Gioia et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 (2006) 044502], we propose that heat transfer close to the wall is dominated by eddies with size depending on the roughness dimensions and the viscous (Kolmogorov) length scale. An excellent agreement between the experimental data and the proposed analytical model is finally demonstrated

Client and clinical staff perceptions of barriers to and enablers of the uptake and delivery of behavioural interventions for urinary incontinence: qualitative evidence synthesis

Aim: To evaluate factors influencing uptake and delivery of behavioural interventions for urinary incontinence from the perspective of clients and clinical staff. Background: Behavioural interventions are recommended as first-line therapy for the management of urinary incontinence. Barriers to and enablers of uptake and delivery of behavioural interventions have not been reviewed. Design: Systematic narrative review. Data sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsychInfo, AMED (inception to May 2013); Proceedings of the International Continence Society (ICS) (2006-13). Review methods: ENTREQ reporting guidelines were followed. Studies where data were collected from clients or staff about their experiences or perceptions of behavioural interventions were included. Two reviewers independently screened records on title and abstract. Full-text papers were obtained for records identified as potentially relevant by either reviewer. Two reviewers independently filtered all full-text papers for inclusion, extracted findings and critically appraised studies. Results: Seven studies involving 200 participants identified clients’ views. Findings identified from at least one study of moderate quality included increased fear of accidents and convenience of treatment. Factors enabling participation included realistic goals and gaining control. Six studies involving 427 participants identified staff views. Findings identified from at least one study of moderate quality included staff education and perceptions of treatment effectiveness. Enabling factors included teamwork and experience of success. Conclusion: There is little detailed exploration of clients’ experiences of, and responses to, behavioural interventions. Evidence for staff relates predominantly to prompted voiding in long-term residential care. Studies of the uptake and delivery of other behavioural interventions in other settings are warranted