22 research outputs found
Fraud in Scots law
This thesis seeks to provide a deeper understanding of the Scots law of fraud.
Adopting a method that is both historical and doctrinal, it provides a critical analysis
of the current understanding of fraud and argues for an approach that is more
consistent with Scotlandâs legal history which, in turn, was profoundly influenced by
a much older tradition of European legal thought.
It begins by exploring the historical scope of fraud in both a criminal and civil
context with specific focus on questions of definition and the extent to which âfraudâ
was used in the broader sense of activities not involving deceit. A detailed analysis is
given of the widespread concept of presumptive fraud by means of which Scots law
was able to provide a remedy for unfair or unwarrantable behaviour without any
requirement for a deceitful intention and for misstatements made unintentionally.
The argument is made that presumptive fraud was a mechanism for delivering
substantive justice and that its conceptual roots lie in an Aristotelian understanding
of justice as equality. A comparison is made between the scholastic doctrine of
restitution, which was developed by Thomas Aquinas as the outworking of the
Aristotelian virtue of justice, and the scheme of Scots law created in the Institutions
of the Law of Scotland by Viscount Stair (1619-1695), who is said to be the founding
father of Scots law. It is suggested that the religious and philosophical conditions
which existed in seventeenth century Scotland were particularly fertile soil for
scholastic legal ideas which conceptualised law within a moral and religious
framework.
The second half of the thesis undertakes a doctrinal analysis of fraud in three parts.
First, the complex relationship between fraud, error and misrepresentation is
examined and the case is made that misrepresentation, whether intentional or
unintentional, sits more comfortably in the law of fraud than in the law of error.
Secondly, modern legal literature is critically assessed and the dominant modern
narrative â that error induced by misrepresentation is a native concept in Scots law â
is questioned. Thirdly, a new taxonomy of fraud is proposed which distinguishes
between primary and secondary fraud. The operation of secondary fraud (which
amounts to âparticipationâ in the primary fraud of another and therefore involves
three-party situations) is explored through the application of two familiar legal
maxims: the âfraudâ principle (that no one should be enriched through the fraud of
another) and the good faith purchaser for value. In the context of secondary fraud, it
is argued that the criteria for its operation - mala fides and a gratuitous transaction -
are both core components of the older concept of presumptive fraud. The thesis
comes full circle as it is suggested that while the broader equitable definition of
fraud, rooted in equality, may have disappeared in the context of primary fraud,
secondary fraud retains it
Energy absorption in lattice structures in dynamics: Experiments
Lattice structures offer the potential to relatively easily engineer specific (meso-scale properties (cell level)), to produce desirable macro-scale material properties for a wide variety of engineering applications including wave filters, blast and impact protection systems, thermal insulation, structural aircraft and vehicle components, and body implants. The work presented here focuses on characterising the quasi-static and, in particular, the dynamic load-deformation behaviour of lattice samples. First, cubic, diamond and re-entrant cube lattice structures were tested under quasi-static conditions to investigate failure process and stressâstrain response of such materials. Following the quasi-static tests, Hopkinson pressure bar (HPB) tests were carried out to evaluate the impact response of these materials under high deformation rates. The HPB tests show that the lattice structures are able to spread impact loading in time and to reduce the peak impact stress. A significant rate dependency of load-deformation characteristics was identified. This is believed to be the first published results of experimental load-deformation studies of additively manufactured lattice structures. The cubic and diamond lattices are, by a small margin, the most effective of those lattices investigated to achieve this
Fraud or error: a thought experiment?
No abstract available
Speech and language therapy caseloads in seven districts in the UK
This paper provides managers and clinicians with an analysis of routine data collected
by seven speech and language therapy services in the UK. Managers in seven districts in the UK
of varying size and location were asked to provide information on referrals, waiting times and
attendances during the six month period, and to give a breakdown of the types of intervention
offered and type of clients seen. These data were aggregated and comparisons were made with
existing data on speech and language therapy services. The results revealed considerable
variations in prevalence, staffing ratios and client management practices. The implications for
service planning are discussed