Atendimento hospitalar aos equídeos de tração do Distrito Federal : convênio Universidade de Brasília e Secretaria de Agricultura

Trabalho de conclusão de curso (graduação)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, 2016.Acredita-se que existam aproximadamente três mil equídeos de tração no Distrito Federal e destes, 1700 são cadastrados a Secretaria de Agricultura (SEAGRI). Os animais cadastrados recebem atendimento médico veterinário no Hospital Veterinário de Grandes Animais da Universidade de Brasília (HVet-UnB). Além dos animais de tração, também são encaminhados pela SEAGRI os animais errantes; apreendidos por maus tratos pela polícia ambiental ou pelo Instituto Brasília Ambiental; com suspeita de doenças de notificação obrigatória, para isolamento; e animais positivos para anemia infecciosa equina (AIE), para eutanásia. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo do atendimento aos equídeos encaminhados pela SEAGRI ao HVet-UnB de janeiro de 2010 a julho de 2016. Totalizaram-se 454 animais, dos quais 236 vieram a óbito ou foram eutanasiados, 170 receberam alta e 48 não possuíam informação sobre o desfecho na ficha individual de atendimento. Os dados tornam claro o prejuízo do trabalho de tração aos animais, desta maneira, medidas devem ser tomadas para melhorar as condições às quais eles são expostos, substituir a tração animal e ainda melhorar a qualidade de vida dos condutores.It’s believed that approximately three thousand traction equidae exists in Federal District. From these, 1700 are currently registered at the Secretary of Agriculture (SEAGRI) and receive veterinary assistance at the Large Animals Veterinary Hospital of the University of Brasilia (HVet – UnB). Besides the traction animals, SEAGRI also transfers stray animals, normally apprehended by the ambiental police or the Ambiental Institute of Brasilia due to maltreatment; with a suspicion of diseases which falls under the mandatory notification category, for isolation; and animals that are positive for Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA), for euthanasia. A retrospective study was conducted regarding the equidae that were transfered from SEAGRI to HVet-UnB from January 2010 to July 2016. There was a total of 454 animals, of which 236 died or underwent through euthanasia. 170 were discharged and 48 didn’t possess any information about its whereabouts on its individual medical file. The data collected shows how damaging it is to employ animals for traction purposes, and what measures should be applied to ensure better conditions of which the animals are exposed, substituting the animal traction and even assure higher life quality to conductors

Análise cinemática da articulação metacarpofalangeana durante a recepção do salto em equinos

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Animal, 2021.A cinemática do salto apresenta variações morfológicas entre raças. Fatores específicos dos cavalos Brasileiros de Hipismo motivaram uma investigação buscando identificar fatores que podem influenciar no desempenho e capacidade atlética de animais desta raça. O objetivo foi avaliar, por meio de análise cinemática, a variação do ângulo metacarpofalangeano, durante a recepção do salto em diferentes alturas ou larguras. Para tanto, avaliaram-se 14 equinos da raça Brasileiro de Hipismo com marcadores reflexivos na face lateral esquerda da parede do casco dos membros torácicos, na articulação metacarpofalangeana e no carpo. Foram avaliados saltos verticais de 90 e 120 cm de altura (V 90 e V 120), e saltos do tipo oxer nas mesmas alturas (Ox 90 e Ox 120), com 100 cm de largura. As avaliações tomaram como base os ângulos em dois momentos, primeiro com o animal em estação; o segundo, durante a recepção do salto, no momento em que a articulação metacarpofalagenana atingiu sua maior hiperextensão. Os ângulos em estação variaram entre 140,17° e 162,37°, com média 151,35° ± 6,32°. Para o primeiro membro, a variação de percentual entre as médias, na comparação entre estação e saltos foi de 22,53 para Estação e V90; 25,4% para Estação e V 120; 24,1% para Estação e Ox 90; e 26,3% para Estação e Ox 120. Na comparação entre os saltos, a variação percentual foi de 3,7% entre V 90 e V 120; 2% entre V 90 e Ox 90; 4,8% entre V 90 e Ox 120; 1,8% entre V120 e Ox 90; 1,1% entre V 120 e Ox 120; e de 2,9% entre Ox 90 e Ox 120. Já para o segundo membro, a variação de percentual entre as médias foi de 17,36% para Estação e V 90; 18,23% para Estação e V 120; 18,61% para Estação e Ox 90; 19,56% para estação e Ox 120. Já entre os saltos, os valores encontrados foram de 1,05% entre V 90 e V 120; 1,51% entre V 90 e Ox 90; 2,65% entre V 90 e Ox 120; 0,46% entre V 120 e Ox 90; 1,62% entre V 120 e Ox 120; e 1,15% entre Ox 90 e Ox 120. Os resultados demonstraram que com o aumento da complexidade do salto, não houve diferença significativa na variação do ângulo da articulação durante a recepção.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES).The kinematics of the jump has morphological variations between horse breeds. Specific characteristics of the Brazilian Equestrian horses motivated an investigation seeking to identify the factors that can influence the performance and athletic capacity of animals of this breed. The objective was to evaluate through kinematic analysis the metacarpophalangeal angle variation during the reception of the jump at different heights or widths. Fourteen Brazilian Equestrian horses were evaluated with reflective markers on the left lateral side of the hoof of the thoracic limbs, in the fetlock joint and the carpus. Vertical jumps of 90 and 120 cm in height (V 90 and V 120), and oxer-type jumps at the same heights (Ox 90 and Ox 120), 100 cm wide, were evaluated. The assessments were based on joint angles in two moments, first with the animal in standing position; and second during the reception of the jump, at the moment when the fetlock joint reached its greatest hyperextension. The standing position angles varied between 140,17° and 162,37°, with an average of 151,35 ± 6,32°. For the first limb, the percentage variation between the averages, comparing standing position and jumping, was: 22,53% for Standing and V90; 25,4% for Standing and V120; 24,1% for Standing and Ox 90; and 26,3% for Standing and Ox 120. In the comparison between jumps, the percentage variation was 3,7% between V90 and V120; 2% between V90 and Ox90; 4,8% between V90 and Ox120; 1,8% between V120 and Ox90; 1.1% between V120 and Ox120; and 2,9% between Ox90 and Ox120. For the second limb, the percentage variation between the averages was 17,36% for Standing and V90; 18,23% for Standing and V120; 18,61% for Standing and Ox90; 19.56% for Standing and Ox120. Among the jumps, the values found were 1,05% between V90 and V120; 1,51% between V90 and Ox90); 2,65% between V90 and Ox120; 0.46% between V120 and Ox90; 1,62% between V120 and Ox120; and 1,15% between Ox90 and Ox120. The results showed that, with the increase in the complexity of the jump, there was no significant difference in the variation of the angle of the joint during reception

Obstructive Urethrolithiasis in a Mule

Background: Obstructive urolithiasis is a rare but potentially serious condition in equids. In the reviewed literature, there are several case reports of urolithiasis in horses and donkeys, but the only mention of this condition in mules occurred as incidental findings at a slaughterhouse. Therefore, this work aims to describe the first report and successful treatment of obstructive urethrolithiasis in a mule (Equus asinus x Equus caballus). Case: A 10-year-old castrated male mule weighing 380 kg was referred for hospital care. Tachycardia (64 beats per min), mild dehydration (7%), increased capillary filling time (3 s), slightly congested mucous membranes, and dysuria were observed. During its attempts to urinate, the mule was able to expose the penis, resulting in only dribbling of urine with reddish coloration. Urethral catheterization failed to reach the urinary bladder and revealed an obstruction at the ischial arch (7 x 4 cm), as confirmed by palpation and ultrasonography. Additionally, rectal ultrasound examination showed urine sedimentation and a single 2.36 mm vesical calculus. After sedation, local anesthesia, and surgical preparation, urethrotomy in the standing position was performed over the urethral obstruction at the ischial arch, reaching the urethrolith that fragmented during removal. Urethral catheterization from the urethrotomy site to flush the urinary bladder and urethra were performed, but the remaining vesical calculus was not retrieved. Considering the presence of a vesical calculus, severe urethral damage caused by the spiculated calculus and catheterization attempts, permanent perineal urethrostomy was performed. Laboratory tests revealed unremarkable hematological parameters, while serum biochemistry showed increased creatinine level. Urinalysis revealed cloudiness, amber appearance, countless red blood cells and bacteria, and calcium carbonate crystals. The urethrolith composition included ammonia, carbonate, and oxalate. Twelve months after surgery, the mule was healthy, the urethrostomy was viable, and no complications were recorded during this period.Discussion: Although uncommon, there are reports describing calculi of different sizes and weighing up to 803 g, causing mild to severe clinical signs according to the degree of obstruction in horses and donkeys. In the mule described here, the urethrolith did not completely obstruct the urethra, but the spiculated calculus caused dysuria and hematuria. In fact, most animals are usually referred for acute abdominal signs or hematuria and pollakiuria, but other unusual signs, such as rectal prolapse, may also be present. In the present report, the diagnosis of obstructive urethrolithiasis was established based on clinical signs and transcutaneous ultrasound of the subischial area, allowing visualization of the urethrolith. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of obstructive urethrolithiasis affecting a mule in Brazil. We reiterate that this condition must be included in the differential diagnosis of mules and hinnies with hematuria and dysuria, especially when associated with abdominal pain. Additionally, urethrostomy associated with urethrotomy performed on this mule in the standing position was a low-cost procedure with good results. Due to the lack of specificity regarding the food management of the mule on the previous farm, an assessment cannot be made regarding the effects of its food on urolith composition

Obstructive Urethrolithiasis in a Mule

Background: Obstructive urolithiasis is a rare but potentially serious condition in equids. In the reviewed literature, there are several case reports of urolithiasis in horses and donkeys, but the only mention of this condition in mules occurred as incidental findings at a slaughterhouse. Therefore, this work aims to describe the first report and successful treatment of obstructive urethrolithiasis in a mule (Equus asinus x Equus caballus). Case: A 10-year-old castrated male mule weighing 380 kg was referred for hospital care. Tachycardia (64 beats per min), mild dehydration (7%), increased capillary filling time (3 s), slightly congested mucous membranes, and dysuria were observed. During its attempts to urinate, the mule was able to expose the penis, resulting in only dribbling of urine with reddish coloration. Urethral catheterization failed to reach the urinary bladder and revealed an obstruction at the ischial arch (7 x 4 cm), as confirmed by palpation and ultrasonography. Additionally, rectal ultrasound examination showed urine sedimentation and a single 2.36 mm vesical calculus. After sedation, local anesthesia, and surgical preparation, urethrotomy in the standing position was performed over the urethral obstruction at the ischial arch, reaching the urethrolith that fragmented during removal. Urethral catheterization from the urethrotomy site to flush the urinary bladder and urethra were performed, but the remaining vesical calculus was not retrieved. Considering the presence of a vesical calculus, severe urethral damage caused by the spiculated calculus and catheterization attempts, permanent perineal urethrostomy was performed. Laboratory tests revealed unremarkable hematological parameters, while serum biochemistry showed increased creatinine level. Urinalysis revealed cloudiness, amber appearance, countless red blood cells and bacteria, and calcium carbonate crystals. The urethrolith composition included ammonia, carbonate, and oxalate. Twelve months after surgery, the mule was healthy, the urethrostomy was viable, and no complications were recorded during this period.Discussion: Although uncommon, there are reports describing calculi of different sizes and weighing up to 803 g, causing mild to severe clinical signs according to the degree of obstruction in horses and donkeys. In the mule described here, the urethrolith did not completely obstruct the urethra, but the spiculated calculus caused dysuria and hematuria. In fact, most animals are usually referred for acute abdominal signs or hematuria and pollakiuria, but other unusual signs, such as rectal prolapse, may also be present. In the present report, the diagnosis of obstructive urethrolithiasis was established based on clinical signs and transcutaneous ultrasound of the subischial area, allowing visualization of the urethrolith. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of obstructive urethrolithiasis affecting a mule in Brazil. We reiterate that this condition must be included in the differential diagnosis of mules and hinnies with hematuria and dysuria, especially when associated with abdominal pain. Additionally, urethrostomy associated with urethrotomy performed on this mule in the standing position was a low-cost procedure with good results. Due to the lack of specificity regarding the food management of the mule on the previous farm, an assessment cannot be made regarding the effects of its food on urolith composition