Food adulterations.

Citation: Washington, Rebecca Rees. Food adulterations.. Senior thesis, Kansas State Agricultural College, 1905.Morse Department of Special CollectionsIntroduction: The question of food adulterations is of very great importance at the present time, since the greater amount of our food supply consists of canned and preserved products. Not many years ago, canned food products were considered luxuries, and only people of means could afford them, but as times have grovel better, there is a growing demand, by all classes of people, for the manufactured goods, and it id the producer trying to meet the popular demand that has, in c great measure, facilitated the manufacture of goods which must necessarily be inferior. The average individual wants the greatest quantity for the least money, regardless of the purity of the article purchased. Manufacturers cannot give high grade food for low prices. Hence the pure product is imitated by using cheap, undesirable, and often poisonous, substances, to give the desired flavor and color. This brings to mind an instance under my own observation. A woman was purchasing baking powder. The clerk showed her several of the better brands and gave prices. She remarked that she wanted something cheaper and when shown the ten cent can, she took it. The law of the state of New York defines adulterations of food as follows: The term food shall include every article of food and drink used and adulterations are (1) If any substance or substances has or have been mixed with it so as to reduce or lower, or injuriously affect, its quality or strength. (2) If any inferior or cheaper substance or substances have been substituted, wholly or in part, for the article. (3) If any valuable material has been wholly or in part abstracted

Welfare to work initiatives: understanding the politics of subcontracted service delivery

Drawing on empirical research on the recent Work Programme, Rebecca Taylor, James Rees, and Christopher Damm explain how providers from the public, private, and third sector experienced delivering it; and how the supply chain model worked

An aberrant precision account of autism.

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by problems with social-communication, restricted interests and repetitive behavior. A recent and thought-provoking article presented a normative explanation for the perceptual symptoms of autism in terms of a failure of Bayesian inference (Pellicano and Burr, 2012). In response, we suggested that when Bayesian inference is grounded in its neural instantiation-namely, predictive coding-many features of autistic perception can be attributed to aberrant precision (or beliefs about precision) within the context of hierarchical message passing in the brain (Friston et al., 2013). Here, we unpack the aberrant precision account of autism. Specifically, we consider how empirical findings-that speak directly or indirectly to neurobiological mechanisms-are consistent with the aberrant encoding of precision in autism; in particular, an imbalance of the precision ascribed to sensory evidence relative to prior beliefs

Final Report: Final Design of the Ozone Monitoring Station

The purpose of the ambient air pollution project is to implement a real-time dynamic and modular ozone monitoring system on the roof of the Marrs Mclean Science Building (MMS) at Trinity University. The ozone monitoring system consists of an ultraviolet radiation sensor, an ozone monitor, a nitrogen oxide analyzer, a wind speed and direction instrument, a temperature sensor, and a data acquisition system. The system satisfies requirements of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (TNRCC), Trinity University, and Dr. Fred Loxsom, the system end-user. The prototype design for this project was developed based on the requirements of all involved parties, and greatly influenced by cost and ease of implementation. The final design includes the following components: Ozone Monitor - Dasi bi 1008 AH Nitrogen Oxide Analyzer-Monitor Labs Model ML 9841A Ground-Based Ultraviolet Radiometer System - YES UVB-1 Wind Instruments -Texas Electronics Inc. Model 2010/2011 Thermistor- Texas Instruments Model 837 Heat Tape/Temperature Controller - Thermolyne Teflon Air Intake Lines - Bevco Data Acquisition System (Detailed list in Section 5) Dell Pentium II 400 MHz Processor The location of the system component was selected to accommodate the EPA requirements within the physical limits on the roof of the MMS building, which is the system location imposed by the system end-user, Dr. Fred Loxsom. The selected location of the meteorological instrumentation is above the surface of the roof and thus requires a 9.5-foot tall vertical support tower. The tower is made from ¾-inch 1040 carbon steel pipe and is anchored to a catwalk for structural support. Condensation in the air sample lines connected to the ozone monitor and nitrogen oxide analyzer, which could corrupt the ozone and nitrogen oxide data, is prevented by the use of heat tape wrapped around the lines. The heat tape is maintained at an elevated temperature using a temperature controller. Pipe insulation as well as aluminum foil encases the heat tape and sample lines to increase conduction and minimize heat loss, respectively, in order to induce optimum performance. The control system and the data acquisition system (DAQ) integrate multiple independent Lab View modules to acquire, process, store, and transmit all relevant weather, ozone, and nitrogen oxide data. The end-user is able to control all instrumentation through one graphical interface module. This system runs on a computer already present in Dr. Loxsom\u27s lab. At the termination of the project, the following steps will need to be taken to make the station fully operational: the ozone monitoring station requires testing the instrumentation against standards to validate measurements, calibration of the temperature controller to determine the operational dial setting, and the final set-up for data transfer to the TNRCC main network, which may require integration of a data logger as well as a router into the system

Beginning Teachers\u27 Perceptions of Their Novice Year of Teaching

This qualitative study was an investigation of first-year teachers who completed their teacher preparation program at large, land-grant university in the west (n=16). It explored teachers\u27 perceptions of their first teaching year centered around the questions of challenges and successes they had encountered, whether they felt prepared for their first year by their teacher preparation program, in what areas would they have liked more instruction during their teacher preparation program, and if they felt able to implement developmentally appropriate practices (DAP) within their classroom. Study findings indicated three main areas remarked on by teachers: creating and implementing instruction and assessment; experiences of teachers; and classroom organization, management, and procedures. All of the teachers within the study had comments within the area of creating and implementing instruction and assessment. About 46% of the comments within this theme referred to whether teachers felt able to implement DAP in their classrooms. Almost 77% of teachers reported that they were able to implement DAP within their classrooms. Fourteen of the teachers had comments coded within the theme of experience. Almost 68% of those comments fell within the subtheme of student teaching experience. Over half of the teachers expressed satisfaction with their student teaching experience. Fourteen teachers also commented within the theme of classroom organization, management, and procedures. About 73% of those comments were coded within the subtheme of classroom management. Teachers reported feeling both successful and challenged within this theme, and it was also identified as an area they would have liked more instruction in during their teacher preparation programs. Five less prominent themes were also delineated: special education, teacher intrinsic qualities, teacher characteristics, child and classroom characteristics, and parent and family issues. Study findings demonstrated, as well, that most teachers felt prepared for their first year of teaching by their teacher preparation program. The majority of teachers began first teaching in a public school setting and participants were teaching students ranging from pre-school to first grade. Limitations, implications, and suggestions for future research are discussed

A Signature of Cosmic Strings Wakes in the CMB Polarization

We calculate a signature of cosmic strings in the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). We find that ionization in the wakes behind moving strings gives rise to extra polarization in a set of rectangular patches in the sky whose length distribution is scale-invariant. The length of an individual patch is set by the co-moving Hubble radius at the time the string is perturbing the CMB. The polarization signal is largest for string wakes produced at the earliest post-recombination time, and for an alignment in which the photons cross the wake close to the time the wake is created. The maximal amplitude of the polarization relative to the temperature quadrupole is set by the overdensity of free electrons inside a wake which depends on the ionization fraction $f$ inside the wake. The signal can be as high as $0.06 {\rm \mu K}$ in degree scale polarization for a string at high redshift (near recombination) and a string tension $\mu$ given by $G \mu = 10^{-7}$.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figure