Antimicrobial and Synergistic Activity of 2,2′,4-Trihydroxybenzophenone Against Bacterial Pathogens of Poultry

In poultry farming, the spread of bacterial pathogens results in disease outbreaks causing significant economic losses to this industry. Many of these pathogenic bacteria are zoonotic and have a substantial impact on public health. Antimicrobials are essential for the prevention and treatment of these bacterial infections. However, the indiscriminate use of these agents provides favorable conditions for selection, propagation and persistence of bacteria and development of antimicrobial resistance. We developed a new antimicrobial candidate that could be used alone or in synergy with research protocols for therapeutic, prophylactic and growth promoter uses in the poultry industry. The present study aimed at evaluating the antimicrobial activity of the synthetic compound 2,2′,4-trihydroxybenzophenone against pathogenic bacteria that cause important diseases in poultry and public health. We tested the hemolytic effect of this compound, studied its synergistic effect with conventional antimicrobials and analyzed the site of action on the bacteria. The results of our study showed antimicrobial activity of benzophenone against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with a similar effect in ATCC (American type culture collection) and field isolates. This compound was non-hemolytic. 2,2′,4-trihydroxybenzophenone acted on the bacterial cell wall. We identified the synergistic effect between 2,2′,4-trihydroxybenzophenone and bacitracin, this effect indicate that antimicrobial synergism may be useful for the treatment of necrotic enteritis in poultry. This compound may also be used as a growth promoter by reducing the dose of bacitracin and thus decreasing the pressure of bacterial resistance in poultry which would circumvent the development of cross-resistance in humans

Evaluation of potential antimicrobial of 2,2',4-trihydroxy- benzophenone in pathogenic bacteria of poultry

Na avicultura, a disseminação de patógenos bacterianos e a ocorrência de surtos, determinam elevados prejuízos econômicos. Muitas destas bactérias são zoonóticas, causando grande preocupação em termos de saúde pública. Os agentes antimicrobianos são importantes para a prevenção e tratamento destas infecções. No entanto, o uso indiscriminado destas moléculas proporciona condições favoráveis para a seleção, propagação e persistência de bactérias resistentes. Na procura de novas moléculas antimicrobianas, as benzofenonas vêm despertando grande interesse, no entanto, a atividade antibacteriana nunca foi pesquisada anteriormente no composto sintético 2,2’,4-triidroxibenzofenona. Este trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar o potencial antimicrobiano de 2,2’,4- triidroxibenzofenona em agentes etiológicos de doenças importantes, verificar o efeito citotóxico, o efeito sinérgico com antimicrobianos convencionais, além de analisar o sitio de ação. Os resultados sugerem que a benzofenona possui atividade antimicrobiana para as bactérias Gram-negativas e Gram-positivas testadas e não induz efeitos tóxico nas células animais. Observou-se que a benzofenona atua sobre a parede bacterina. E encontrou-se efeito sinérgico com a bacitracina. A benzofenona é uma candidata promissora a ser usada no tratamento das bacterioses avícolas.In poultry, the spread of bacterial pathogens and the occurrence of outbreaks, determine high economic losses. Many these bacteria are zoonotic, causing great concern in terms of public health. Antimicrobial agents are important for the prevention and treatment these infections. However, indiscriminate use of molecules provides favorable conditions for selection, propagation persistence and resistant bacteria. In searching for new antimicrobial molecules, benzophenones have attracted great interest, however, the antibacterial activity has never been previously searched in synthetic 2, 2’,4-trihydroxybenzophenone. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of synthetic 2,2 ', 4- trihydroxybenzophenone in etiologic agents of important diseases in poultry, the cytotoxic effect, synergistic effect with conventional antimicrobial agents, in addition analyze the site of action . The results suggest that the benzophenone has antimicrobial activity to Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and induces no toxic effects in animal cells. The benzophenone acts in the bacteria cell wall. In addition, the benzophenone had synergistic effect with bacitracin. The 2,2',4-trihydroxybenzophenone is a promising candidate to be used in the treatment of bacteremia poultry

Antimicrobial and synergistic activity of 2,20,4-trihydroxybenzophenone against bacterial pathogens of poultry

In poultry farming, the spread of bacterial pathogens results in disease outbreaks causing significant economic losses to this industry. Many of these pathogenic bacteria are zoonotic and have a substantial impact on public health. Antimicrobials are essential for the prevention and treatment of these bacterial infections. However, the indiscriminate use of these agents provides favorable conditions for selection, propagation and persistence of bacteria and development of antimicrobial resistance. We developed a new antimicrobial candidate that could be used alone or in synergy with research protocols for therapeutic, prophylactic and growth promoter uses in the poultry industry. The present study aimed at evaluating the antimicrobial activity of the synthetic compound 2,20,4-trihydroxybenzophenone against pathogenic bacteria that cause important diseases in poultry and public health. We tested the hemolytic effect of this compound, studied its synergistic effect with conventional antimicrobials and analyzed the site of action on the bacteria. The results of our study showed antimicrobial activity of benzophenone against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with a similar effect in ATCC (American type culture collection) and field isolates. This compound was non-hemolytic. 2,20,4-trihydroxybenzophenone acted on the bacterial cell wall. We identified the synergistic effect between 2,20,4-trihydroxybenzophenone and bacitracin, this effect indicate that antimicrobial synergism may be useful for the treatment of necrotic enteritis in poultry. This compound may also be used as a growth promoter by reducing the dose of bacitracin and thus decreasing the pressure of bacterial resistance in poultry which would circumvent the development of cross-resistance in humans

A Coffee Berry Borer (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Bibliography

Native to Africa, the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), has gradually invaded most coffee-growing areas worldwide. Adult females colonize the coffee berry and oviposit within galleries in the coffee seeds. Larvae and adults consume the seeds, resulting in drastic reductions in yields and quality, negatively affecting the income of approximately 20 million coffee-growing families (~100 million people) in ~80 countries, with losses surpassing more than $500 million annually (Vega et al. 2015). It has become evident that the coffee berry borer scientific community could greatly benefit from having access to a bibliography of the literature related to the insect. Such an information source would allow scientists to find out what research areas have been explored throughout the many coffee berry borer-infested countries after more than 100 years of research on the topic. It could also help to direct lead future research efforts into novel areas, and away from topics and ideas that have been thoroughly investigated in the past