Reducing the Burden of Aerial Image Labelling Through Human-in-the-Loop Machine Learning Methods

This dissertation presents an introduction to human-in-the-loop deep learning methods for remote sensing applications. It is motivated by the need to decrease the time spent by volunteers on semantic segmentation of remote sensing imagery. We look at two human-in-the-loop approaches of speeding up the labelling of the remote sensing data: interactive segmentation and active learning. We develop these methods specifically in response to the needs of the disaster relief organisations who require accurately labelled maps of disaster-stricken regions quickly, in order to respond to the needs of the affected communities. To begin, we survey the current approaches used within the field. We analyse the shortcomings of these models which include outputs ill-suited for uploading to mapping databases, and an inability to label new regions well, when the new regions differ from the regions trained on. The methods developed then look at addressing these shortcomings. We first develop an interactive segmentation algorithm. Interactive segmentation aims to segment objects with a supervisory signal from a user to assist the model. Work within interactive segmentation has focused largely on segmenting one or few objects within an image. We make a few adaptions to allow an existing method to scale to remote sensing applications where there are tens of objects within a single image that needs to be segmented. We show a quantitative improvements of up to 18% in mean intersection over union, as well as qualitative improvements. The algorithm works well when labelling new regions, and the qualitative improvements show outputs more suitable for uploading to mapping databases. We then investigate active learning in the context of remote sensing. Active learning looks at reducing the number of labelled samples required by a model to achieve an acceptable performance level. Within the context of deep learning, the utility of the various active learning strategies developed is uncertain, with conflicting results within the literature. We evaluate and compare a variety of sample acquisition strategies on the semantic segmentation tasks in scenarios relevant to disaster relief mapping. Our results show that all active learning strategies evaluated provide minimal performance increases over a simple random sample acquisition strategy. However, we present analysis of the results illustrating how the various strategies work and intuition of when certain active learning strategies might be preferred. This analysis could be used to inform future research. We conclude by providing examples of the synergies of these two approaches, and indicate how this work, on reducing the burden of aerial image labelling for the disaster relief mapping community, can be further extended

The Characterization of Indonesian's Natural Zeolite For Water Filtration System

AbstractThe characterization of Indonesian's natural zeolite for water purification has been done. The objective is to obtain a general guidance for development of natural zeolite in molecular sieves, ion exchange and catalyst applications. The zeolites originated frol Lampung (ZL) was characterized by using XRD. It was found that the zeolites indicate belong to clinoptilatite and mordenite groups, respectively. The crystal system for ZL was monoclinic with end-centered lattice and space group of Cm/2 (12). The crystal system for ZB was orthorhombic with end-centered lattice and space group of CmC21 (36). The character of both zeolites were confirm by ICDD standard library. It was also found that the particle size of zeolites did not affect the XRD spectra where zeolite of 40-50 mesh was similar to that XRD spectra of zeolite of 170-200 mesh. The chemical analyses show that both zeolites contain almost similar chemical elements. The contents of Fe, Ca, and K were found higher in ZL as it is compared to ZB. Reciprocally, Na was Pb and Fe elements. These ability were improved by chemical activation of zeolites. These two elements probably were originally exist in the zeolite structure. These characterization is necessary to designing a further development of natural zeolite applications.Keywords : natural zeolite, clinoptilolite, mordenite, x-ray diffraction, water filte

Evaluation of the Use of Remote Sensing Techniques for Highway Alignment Layout

The present research represents the ability of using the remote sensing techniques in highway engineering field throughout the evaluation process for road alignment that is considered in the study (Emam–Waise detour). This road lies between Al-Mukdadiyah and Khaneqeen towns connecting Al-Sa’adyah and Ibraheem Al- Somayda’ay villages along that alignment in the eastern part of Iraq. The research idea focuses on an evaluation process for the alignment in reconnaissance and preliminary planning stages depending on the compression process between the used conventional method which represents field survey operations and the new method which depends on remote sensing techniques and Digital Terrain Model design (DTM), through using of the most important programs in Geographical Information System (GIS). A Landsat (Thematic Mappar ) image taken for the study area is used in the analytical part of the work after some pre-processing for the image , including the enhancement process that helps us in data collection steps, especially in the determination of Ground Control Points (GCPs) which are distributed in the region. The study is also concerned with dividing the work into two main parts: The first one represents road field survey measurements that lie on the road centerline and sides (5m distance from each side). The second part of the work represents a (DTM) design, which gives three- dimensions (E, N, H) for each point in the region. A method for digital terrain model design is adopted, it is called (scanned contour lines) method, which depends on the topographic map of the study area of (1:100.000) scale and (10 m) contour interval , also using GIS program (Arc view, ver.3.1). A comparative study was conducted between the field measured coordinates and the corresponding coordinates extracted from digital model through plotting a longitudinal profile for field and DTM measurements together having the same scale, based on differences of heights. The study shows that the coincidence ratio between the two methods is 82%. After correcting the value of the contour interval of the base map that contains an error in contour interval values, the coincidence ratio between the two methods was increased to 95%

Laparoscopic appraisal of infertility and pelvic pain in Pakistani women: a 5 years audit

Five hundred and nine Laparoscopic examinations performed between 1987-91, (147 procedures for evaluation of gynaecologic pelvic pain and 313 for infertility) revealed ectopic pregnancy (27%), twisted ovarian cyst (18%) and acute pelvic inflammatory disease (14%) in cases of acute gynaecologic pain, and endometriosis (17%) and chronic pelvic inflammatory disease (16%) in chronic pelvic pain. Adhesions (20%), tubal block (15%), endometriosis (9%) and polycystic ovary (7%) were common findings in cases of infertility. These data support the usefulness of this minimally invasive procedure in accurate diagnosis of gynaecological disorders and provides insight into the spectra of diseases seen in Pakistani women with pelvic pain and infertility

Using Remote Sensing and Gis Technique to Study Soil Physical Properties for Hour Al-Hammar (South of Iraq)

This paper includes the digital image processing (image enhancement and thedigital classification techniques) using ERDAS, ver.,8.7, package for Landsat 7(ETM+), 3-visible bands with resolution (14.25m), acquired in March 2004 .The field investigation includes GPS surveying, which coincides with thereports of the laboratory tests (physical tests), which include soil classification test(according to the unified soil classification system (USCS), for certain locations),and spectral measurements by using radiometer instrument.The main results of this study show that the selected visible bands in thedigital visual interpretation process are considered an optimum means to sense thesoil types. It is found that the study region soil has high content of the fine soiltexture (clay and silt). Therefore, the digital map of unsupervised classificationgives good presentation of some of the main landcover classes and merges theothers, whereas the supervised classification gives good presentation of the mainlandcover classes with overall accuracy equal to (99.7%)

Accuracy Assessment of 2D and 3D Geometric Correction Models for Different Topography in Iraq

In recent decades, Remote sensing data becomes one of the basic information required for mapping and different applications in geomatics. In this research, different mathematical models in 2D and 3D cases are investigated and comprised in order to assess the accuracy of these models under different conditions of terrain topography. Three high resolution satellite QuickBird images of three different study areas, with respect to their topography have been used in this work. In this research, the 2D mathematical models which were used, 1st, 2nd order polynomial, and projective transformation model while, the 3D mathematical models used were, 1st, 2nd order 3D polynomial, and direct linear transformation model. All these methods are applied for each study area and evaluated through the Matlab environment facilitie

Densification of Kapok Wood (Ceiba Pentandra L. Gaertn) and Its Radiation Curing of Surface Coatings Using Ultra-violet

Densification and surface coating of kapok wood (Ceiba pentandra L. Gaertn ) have been conducted by pressing and followed by radiation curing of surface coatings using Ultra Violet (UV) light. Pressing was performed to get thickness reduction level of 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 %. Coating was conducted using unsaturated polyester resin after mixing with 2,2-dimethyl-2-hydroxy acetophenone photoinitiator at concentration level of 1, 2 and 3 %b.w and titanium dioxide pigment. Irradiation was carried out at conveyor speed of 1, 2 and 3 m/minute. Pressing of wood up to 75% thickness reduction resulted in increasing of density significantly and decreasing of thickness swelling. At variation of photoinitiator concentration and conveyor speed used, the coating had pendulum hardness of 23-37 seconds, color value (white) with L = 61-79 %, gloss (60o) = 16-56 %, adhesion met the ASTM standard and resistant to chemicals and solvents used except against 10 % sodium hydroxide solution

Reliance on Ground Coordinate Measurements Produced by DGPS Post-Processing

Some users of the GPS take the coordinates and the distances between points as they are in the field and try to joint work with the total station, but they found a difference between the coordinates and the distances. The reason is that these measurements are three-dimensional Coordinates: where they are represented on the model of the Earth, while the total station based on the theory of plan survey are two-dimensional coordinates. And other causes the distortion resulting from the projection itself. From the scientific point of view, all the solutions applied for this problem are not accurately enough, but serve their purpose. Where as in this research we are trying to cancel the differences in the coordinates and the distances between the GPS and the total station measurements. Where work on a project using both techniques (GPS, and Total station) .The coordinates of the project are measured on the site by considering the total length of the project (35km) and ten control points as base line points had been distributed along the route including the X and Y coordinates corresponding to the zone 38N. It was found that the DGPS Software (Topcon Tools v7) or other data collection software can be used to convert the coordinates from grid coordinates to ground coordinates and then these coordinates can be used with the total station in the field for small distances. But for large distances the ground coordinates that obtained from Total station instrument must be used to avoid accumulative error. And must also take into account when choosing sites of the control network in the field where it should be direct view between the control network points to get rid of random errors resulting from the use total station this in turn leads to obtain high accuracy results for the ground coordinates

Karakteristik Beberapa Jenis Antibiotik Berdasarkan Pola Difraksi Sinar-X (XRD) Dan Spektrum FTIR

Telah dilakukan pengukuran karakteristik difraksi sinar-x (XRD) terhadap beberapa jenisantibiotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami karakteristik difraksi sinar-x suatuantibiotik sebagai upaya untuk identifikasi antibiotik secara cepat. Dalam penelitian ini diamatikarakteristik difraksi sinar-x dari 15 (lima belas) antibiotik yang tersedia di pasaran. SpektrumXRD diukur pada sudut 2 antara 5 – 75 untuk dibandingkan dan dievaluasi mengenai bentukkristalnya. Selanjutnya diukur pula spektrum XRD dari pencampuran antibiotik dengan tepungtapioka. Pengukuran spektrum infrared dengan FTIR juga dilakukan untuk menguji konsistensihasil evaluasi spektrum XRD. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa amoxicillin dan ampicillinmempunyai struktur kristal yang sama, yaitu orthorombic primitif. Sayangnya baik XRDmaupun FTIR, tidak memberikan nilai kuantitatif pada antibiotik. Oleh sebab itu, perbedaankonsentrasi dengan pencampuran tepung tapioka tidak dapat dideteksi. Walaupun demikian,metode ini terbukti dapat digunakan untuk membedakan komposisi zat penyusun antibiotiksecara cepat dan akurat

Checklists of Parasites of Farm Fishes of Babylon Province, Iraq

Literature reviews of all references concerning the parasitic fauna of fishes in fish farms of Babylon province, middle of Iraq, showed that a total of 92 valid parasite species are so far known from the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), and the silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) as well as from three freshwater fish species (Carassius auratus, Liza abu, and Heteropneustes fossilis) which were found in some fish farms of the same province. The parasitic fauna included one mastigophoran, three apicomplexans, 13 ciliophorans, five myxozoans, five trematodes, 45 monogeneans, five cestodes, three nematodes, two acanthocephalans, nine arthropods, and one mollusc. The common carp was found to harbour 81 species of parasites, the grass carp 30 species, the silver carp 28 species, L. abu 13 species, C. auratus one species, and H. fossilis one species. A host-parasite list for each fish species was also provided