ENCAPSULATED ERYTHROCYTES FOR NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSYTEM

ABSTRACT The current Pharmaceutical scenario focuses only on the development of targeted and sustained drug delivery systems to achieve required therapeutic concentration with less amount of dose. Among the various carriers used for targeting of the drugs to various body tissues, the encapsulated erythrocytes meet several criteria desirable in clinical applications, among the most important being biocompatibility as a carrier and its degradation products.  Encapsulated erythrocytes permit delayed or controlled kinetics of release, increase specificity of delivery to the target cells or organs and use of novel routes of drug into cells.  Using this technique with a drug present in the extra cellular solution, it is possible to entrap up to 40% of the drug inside the resealed erythrocytes. A variety of bio-macromolecules ranging from 5000 to 600,000 Da can be entrapped into in erythrocytes. In this review we discuss about Encapsulation of erythrocytes, various techniques of drug loading such as hypo-osmotic-lysis, Chemical perturbation of the membrane, Electro-insertion, Entrapment by endocytosis etc. and it’s applications in various clinical purposes

Health Awareness on Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Blood Donation Among Degree Students of Selected Colleges of Vadodara District

Background: - Blood transfusion saves lives during critical situations, but millions of patients needing transfusion do not have timely access to safe blood The donor is donating for it as it will be used in saving lives of his fellow beings. He himself may use the same during his own need. Aim & objective: - To assess knowledge and attitude of blood donation among degree student with the help of health awareness programme.Methods: - Pre experimental [one group pre test-post test] study with 100 samples.Results:-In the post test mean score among staff nurses knowledge regarding Blood donation is 14.40 ± 1.595 higher than pre test mean score 10.31 ± 2.481 among degree students regarding blood donation, the mean posttest knowledge scores (14.40) was higher than the mean pretest knowledge scores (10.31). The computed ‘t’ value is 17.542 is higher than the tabled value t99 at p>0.001 level of significance. and also In the post test mean score among degree students attitude regarding Blood donation is 35.02 ± 2.093 higher than pre test mean score 31.03 ± 2.687 among degree students regarding blood donation, the mean posttest knowledge scores (35.02) was higher than the mean pretest knowledge scores (31.03). The computed ‘t’ value is 17.327 is higher than the tabled value t99 at p>0.001 level of significance There is a significant association between knowledge degree students with their Religion.The correlation between knowledge and attitude, r= 0.116 is found to be significant at 0.05% significant level. Hence proved that there exist a positive correlation between knowledge and attitude.Conclusion: The study findings revealed that health awareness programme was highly effective in improving knowledge and attitude of blood donation in under graduate students. The results of the present study show that there is a great need for the under graduate students s to update their knowledge and attitude regarding blood donation. The study reveals that Health awareness programme could be used as an effective teaching strateg

COLD CHAIN FOR VACCINES

Abstract Vaccines are biological substances that may lose their effectiveness quickly if they become too hot or too cold at any time, especially during transport and storage. The efficacy of vaccines depends on maintaining the cold-chain – that is, a prescribed temperature range during distribution from manufacturer to the point of use. The temperature during transport and storage should be kept at 2-8 degrees centigrade for all vaccines. Inadequate temperature control during storage and transport of vaccines can reduce their efficacy, and result in failure to produce satisfactory levels of immunity. The effect of adverse temperature on vaccines is cumulative and breaks in the cold-chain, which may occur during transportation, will render vaccines subsequently stored in the community more susceptible to loss of potency. Current review paper focuses on the Immunisation and cold chain system in India. Cold chain for vaccines includes different equipment viz (WIC), (WIF), (DF), (ILR), Refrigerated trucks and their management with respect to universal Immunisation Programs. Key words: vaccines, Immunisation, storage Temprature

Application of RP–HPLC method in dissolution testing and statistical evaluation by NASSAM for simultaneous estimation of tertiary combined dosages forms

AbstractA dissolution method with robust high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis for immediate release tablet formulation was developed and validated to meet the requirement as per International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) and United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) guidelines. The method involved the use of Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse XDB C18 column, and temperature was maintained at 30°C. After optimization, the mobile phase was selected as phosphate buffer (KH2PO4, 30mM) : ACN (60:40, v/v) with pH 3.0, and retention time Rt was found as 3.24, 4.16, and 2.55min for paracetamol (PCM), chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) and phenylephrine hydrochloride (PH) respectively at 265nm and at a flow rate of 1mL/min. The relative standard deviation (%RSD) for 6 replicate measurements was found to be less than 2%. Furthermore net analyte signal standard addition method (NASSAM) with spectrophotometer was performed for standard and liquid oral suspension. On the basis of selectivity, sensitivity and accuracy analysis, it was confirmed that this novel method could be useful for simultaneous estimation of the given drug combinations. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied for evaluating the statistical difference between the assay results obtained via both NASSAM and RP–HPLC methods and ultimately no significant difference was found between both the methods. All the methods and results were acceptable and confirmed that the method was suitable for intended use

RdRp (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase): A key target providing anti-virals for the management of various viral diseases

With the arrival of the Covid-19 pandemic, anti-viral agents have regained center stage in the arena of medicine. Out of the various drug targets involved in managing RNA-viral infections, the one that dominates almost all RNA viruses is RdRp (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase). RdRp are proteins that are involved in the replication of RNA-based viruses. Inhibition of RdRps has been an integral approach for managing various viral infections such as dengue, influenza, HCV (Hepatitis), BVDV, etc. Inhibition of the coronavirus RdRp is currently rigorously explored for the treatment of Covid-19 related complications. So, keeping in view the importance and current relevance of this drug target, we have discussed the importance of RdRp in developing anti-viral agents against various viral diseases. Different reported inhibitors have also been discussed, and emphasis has been laid on highlighting the inhibitor's pharmacophoric features and SAR profile. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Mamu-A⁎01/Kb transgenic and MHC Class I knockout mice as a tool for HIV vaccine development

AbstractWe have developed a murine model expressing the rhesus macaque (RM) Mamu-A⁎01 MHC allele to characterize immune responses and vaccines based on antigens of importance to human disease processes. Towards that goal, transgenic (Tg) mice expressing chimeric RM (α1 and α2 Mamu-A⁎01 domains) and murine (α3, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic H-2Kb domains) MHC Class I molecules were derived by transgenesis of the H-2KbDb double MHC Class I knockout strain. After immunization of Mamu-A⁎01/Kb Tg mice with rVV-SIVGag–Pol, the mice generated CD8+ T-cell IFN-γ responses to several known Mamu-A⁎01 restricted epitopes from the SIV Gag and Pol antigen sequence. Fusion peptides of highly recognized CTL epitopes from SIV Pol and Gag and a strong T-help epitope were shown to be immunogenic and capable of limiting an rVV-SIVGag–Pol challenge. Mamu-A⁎01/Kb Tg mice provide a model system to study the Mamu-A⁎01 restricted T-cell response for various infectious diseases which are applicable to a study in RM

Search for new particles in events with energetic jets and large missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

A search is presented for new particles produced at the LHC in proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV, using events with energetic jets and large missing transverse momentum. The analysis is based on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 101 fb(-1), collected in 2017-2018 with the CMS detector. Machine learning techniques are used to define separate categories for events with narrow jets from initial-state radiation and events with large-radius jets consistent with a hadronic decay of a W or Z boson. A statistical combination is made with an earlier search based on a data sample of 36 fb(-1), collected in 2016. No significant excess of events is observed with respect to the standard model background expectation determined from control samples in data. The results are interpreted in terms of limits on the branching fraction of an invisible decay of the Higgs boson, as well as constraints on simplified models of dark matter, on first-generation scalar leptoquarks decaying to quarks and neutrinos, and on models with large extra dimensions. Several of the new limits, specifically for spin-1 dark matter mediators, pseudoscalar mediators, colored mediators, and leptoquarks, are the most restrictive to date.Peer reviewe

Combined searches for the production of supersymmetric top quark partners in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

A combination of searches for top squark pair production using proton-proton collision data at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV at the CERN LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb(-1) collected by the CMS experiment, is presented. Signatures with at least 2 jets and large missing transverse momentum are categorized into events with 0, 1, or 2 leptons. New results for regions of parameter space where the kinematical properties of top squark pair production and top quark pair production are very similar are presented. Depending on themodel, the combined result excludes a top squarkmass up to 1325 GeV for amassless neutralino, and a neutralinomass up to 700 GeV for a top squarkmass of 1150 GeV. Top squarks with masses from 145 to 295 GeV, for neutralino masses from 0 to 100 GeV, with a mass difference between the top squark and the neutralino in a window of 30 GeV around the mass of the top quark, are excluded for the first time with CMS data. The results of theses searches are also interpreted in an alternative signal model of dark matter production via a spin-0 mediator in association with a top quark pair. Upper limits are set on the cross section for mediator particle masses of up to 420 GeV

Probing effective field theory operators in the associated production of top quarks with a Z boson in multilepton final states at root s=13 TeV

Peer reviewe