“Anak adalah Aset”: Meta Sintesis Nilai Anak pada Suku Lani dan Suku Aceh

Abstract Background: If a child gives values that were considered positive or beneficial to parents, then parents will place high expectations on the child. The study was conducted to synthesize the value of children in the Aceh Tribe and the Lani Tribe. Objective: The research aim was to explore the value of children in the Lani and the Acehnese. Methods: Using the meta-synthesis method in two manuscripts resulting from health ethnographic research, namely "The Dilemma of the Family Planning Program" (Acehnese Tribe in East Aceh, Aceh) and "Portrait of Noken Child Care Patterns in Lani Culture" (Lani Tribe in Tolikara, Papua). Results: Economically the people of Aceh and Lani consider children to be investments. This applies to girls. Socially, the two tribes consider children to be a complement to a family's life and a source of happiness. In religion, the Acehnese consider the child to be the successor to the religion, multiplying children was an effort to multiply the people. While Lani people believe in Christian teachings that encourage them to spread on the surface of the earth, this was done by multiplying offspring. For Acehnese children were important. They consider that the Acehnese boy could be the pride of the family and also the successor to the offspring. While Lani people value girls more than boys. Conclusions: Both tribes still want a large number of children, between 4-7 children. Both tribes also still hold strong the value of children economically, children were assets. Key words: the value of children, meta-synthesis, meta-aggregation, ethnography research, Aceh tribe, Lani tribe Abstrak Latar Belakang: Apabila seorang anak memberikan nilai yang dianggap positif atau menguntungkan bagi orang tua, maka orang tua akan menaruh harapan yang tinggi terhadap anak. Suku Aceh dan Suku Lani merupakan kelompok rentan yang perlu mendapat perhatian. Tujuan: Tujuan penelitian untuk mengeksplorasi nilai anak pada Suku Lani dan Suku Aceh. Metode: Meta sintesis pada dua manuskrip hasil riset etnografi kesehatan, yaitu “Dilema Program Keluarga Berencana” (Suku Aceh di Aceh Timur, Aceh) dan “Potret Pola Asuh Anak Noken dalam Budaya Lani” (Suku Lani di Tolikara, Papua). Studi difokuskan pada nilai anak secara: ekonomi; sosial; agama; preferensi gender; dan preferensi jumlah anak. Hasil: Secara ekonomi masyarakat Aceh dan Lani menilai anak adalah investasi. Hal ini berlaku bagi anak perempuan. Secara sosial kedua suku menilai anak adalah pelengkap hidup sebuah keluarga dan sumber kebahagiaan. Secara agama orang Aceh menilai anak itu penerus agama, memperbanyak anak adalah upaya untuk memperbanyak umat. Sedang orang Lani meyakini ajaran kristiani yang menganjurkan mereka untuk menyebar di permukaan bumi yang dilakukan dengan cara memperbanyak keturunan. Bagi orang Aceh anak laki itu penting. Mereka menganggap bahwa anak laki Aceh dapat menjadi kebanggaan keluarga dan sekaligus penerus keturunan. Sedang orang Lani menilai lebih tinggi anak perempuan dibanding laki-laki. Kesimpulan: Kedua suku masih menginginkan jumlah anak yang banyak, antara 4-7 anak. Kedua suku juga masih memegang kuat nilai anak secara ekonomi, anak adalah aset.   Kata kunci: nilai anak, meta sintesis, meta agregasi, riset etnografi, suku Aceh, suku Lan

URBAN-RURAL DISPARITY: THE UTILIZATION OF PRIMARY HEALTHCARE CENTERS AMONG ELDERLY IN EAST JAVA, INDONESIA

Background: Urban always attracts investors to invest. Health facilities in urban areas are growing rapidly compared to villages. This condition is estimated to contribute to the disparity of urban-rural areas in the utilization of health services. Studying the utilization of health services is a way to evaluate the performance of the health care system through its output.Aim: This study analyzed the urban-rural disparity in the utilization of primary healthcare center by the elderly.Method: This study used in the 2013 Basic Health Research raw data. The 2013 Basic Health Research was designed as a cross-sectional survey. With the multi-stage cluster random sampling method, 25,813 elderly people in East Java Province participated. Data were analyzed using Multinomial Logistic Regression tests.Results: Elderly people in urban areas have a better probability of outpatient use of 1.208 than those living in rural areas (OR 1.208; 95% CI 1.057-1.380). The elderly who have a primary school and under education have the possibility of 1.558 times more utilizing outpatients in primary healthcare centers than the elderly who have college education levels (OR 1.558; 95% CI 1.001-2.424).Conclusion: There was a disparity between urban and rural areas in the utilization of outpatient primary healthcare centers in East Java by the elderly. Policymakers in East Java are recommended to improve facilities and infrastructure of the primary healthcare centers in rural areas by paying attention to the results of this study.Keywords: elderly, urban-rural disparities, primary healthcare center, healthcare utilization, inpatient-outpatient.

Hubungan Antara Rasio Bidan Dengan Kinerja Program Kesehatan Ibu Dan Anak Di Indonesia

The focus of Maternal and Child Health (MCH) performance review was based on the input ratio of midwives important for evaluation. This study was to identify the relationship between the ratio of midwives and the coverage of MCH program. The analysis involved Midwives per 100,000 population ratios as independent variables, and 5 dependent variables, namely fi rst visit (K1), fourth visit (K4), neonates visit (KN), puerperal visit (KF) and childbirth assisted by health workers. The analysis was by scatter plot diagrams. The ratio of midwives to standards was dominantlytohe West of Indonesia. Variability in the ratio of midwives between 41.53 to 225.90 midwives per 100,000 population. Jakarta, West Java, and NTB that have K1 coverage above 100%. However, the midwife ratio was below the standard. Jakarta and Jambi have K4 coverage above 100%. KN coverage above 100% was reached by Jakarta, West Java, Jambi, and Bali. Kaltara and Jakarta had KF coverage above 100%. None of province, except Jakarta, had childbirth coverage by health workers above 100%. Even though the ratio of midwives was still below the standard, some provinces were able to show better performance of MCH programs than those that met the ratio. It was necessary to expand benchmarking in provinces with good MCH program performance, though the ratio of midwives was below the standard. Abstrak Fokus kajian kinerja Kesehatan Ibu dan Anak (KIA) berdasarkan input rasio bidan penting untuk evaluasi. Tujuan penelitian untuk menjawab hubungan rasio bidan dengan cakupan program KIA. Analisis melibatkan rasio bidan per 100 ribu penduduk sebagai variabel independent, dan 5 variabel dependen, yaitu kunjungan 1 (K1), kunjungan 4 (K4), kunjungan neonatus (KN), kunjungan nifas (KF) dan persalinan yang ditolong tenaga kesehatan. Analisis hubungan dilakukan melalui diagram scatter plot. Rasio bidan sesuai standar cenderung ada di wilayah Barat. Variabilitas rasio bidan antara 41,53 sampai 225,90 bidan per 100.000 penduduk. Provinsi DKI Jakarta, Jabar, dan NTB yang memiliki cakupan K1 di atas 100%, meski rasio bidan di bawah standar. DKI Jakarta dan Jambi memiliki cakupan K4 di atas 100%. Cakupan KN di atas 100% dicapai oleh DKI Jakarta, Jabar, Jambi dan Bali. Kaltara dan DKI Jakarta memiliki cakupan KF di atas 100%. Tidak ada satu pun provinsi, kecuali DKI Jakarta, yang memiliki cakupan persalinan oleh tenaga kesehatan di atas 100%. Meski memiliki rasio bidan yang masih di bawah standar, beberapa provinsi mampu menunjukkan kinerja program KIA yang lebih baik dibanding yang sudah memenuhi rasio. Perlu lebih lanjut dengan melakukan benchmark pada provinsi yang memiliki kinerja program KIA baik, meski dengan rasio bidan di bawah standar

THE INFLUENCE OF INTERNAL FACTORS ON JOB SATISFACTION IN HEALTHCARE SETTINGS

Background: Job dissatisfaction in healthcare facilities can increase medical errors. In order to reduce the medical errors, hospitals must focus on employee job satisfaction. In this case, both stress and burnout can lower job satisfaction. Aims: This research was conducted to analyze the internal factors that affect the level of job satisfaction of employees in health facilities. Methods: The method applied is the PRISMA framework, which consists of five stages, namely eligibility criteria, information sources, study selection, data collection process, and data items. Results: Systematic review was done on 34 quantitative studies about the factors that influence job satisfaction. Based on the review, the internal factors known are demographic and personal factors. In this case, demographic factors mostly do not affect employee job satisfaction, one of which is salary. Meanwhile, the most researched personal factor and the biggest influence is burnout. Conclusion: Based on the systematic review, it is known that the internal factors affecting employees’ job satisfaction include demographic and personal factors. The demographic factor that has a significant effect is salary, while the most researched individual factor is burnout. Working in the health sector requires caution so as not to cause medical errors. Health workers who experience burnout are at risk of causing medical errors. For that we need a strategy to overcome burnout so as to increase job satisfaction. Keywords: burnout, healthcare, internal factor, job satisfaction, PRISM

The association between recent sexual activity and the use of modern contraceptive methods among married/cohabiting women in Indonesia

Background: Modern contraceptive methods are considered more reliable for preventing and spacing pregnancy than traditional methods in sexual activity. The study aimed to analyze the association between recent sexual activity and the use of modern contraceptive methods among married/cohabiting women in Indonesia. Design: The samples used were married/cohabiting women aged 15-49 years old. The sample size was 34,467 women. The variables analyzed included modern contraceptive use, recent sexual activity, age groups, marital status, education level, and wealth status. Analysis using multinomial logistic regression.Results: It was found that women who were sexually not active last 4 weeks had the likely to use modern contraceptive non-LARC (long-acting reversible contraceptives) 0.416 times compared to women who were sexually active last 4 weeks. Women who were sexually active last 4 weeks were more likely to use modern contraceptive LARC 0.535 times than women who were sexually active last 4 weeks. The results of this analysis inform that women who are sexually active last 4 weeks have a higher possibility to use modern contraceptives, both non-LARC and LARC types.Conclusions: Based on the results of the research analysis it could be concluded that recent sexual activity was associated with modern contraceptive use among married/cohabiting women in Indonesia

Mendapatkan Hibah Penelitian Kompetitif (Sebagai Ketua)

Mendapatkan hibah penelitian dari Kementerian Kesehatan - Direktorat Kesehatan Kerja dan Olah Raga, dengan judul "Penyusunan policy brief penurunan AKI dan AKB berdasarkan surveilans status kesehatan reproduksi dan analisis faktor risiko pada wanita pelaku UMKM di Jawa Timur" Besaran dana hibah: Rp. 250.000.000 Hibah ini diikuti oleh seluruh perguruan tinggi mitra di seluruh Indonesia, dan terpilih hanya 14 judu

Mendapatkan Hibah Penelitian Kompetitif (Sebagai Ketua)

Mendapatkan hibah penelitian dari Kementerian Kesehatan - Direktorat Kesehatan Kerja dan Olah Raga, dengan judul "Penyusunan policy brief penurunan AKI dan AKB berdasarkan surveilans status kesehatan reproduksi dan analisis faktor risiko pada wanita pelaku UMKM di Jawa Timur" Besaran dana hibah: Rp. 250.000.000 Hibah ini diikuti oleh seluruh perguruan tinggi mitra di seluruh Indonesia, dan terpilih hanya 14 judu

The determinant of healthcare childbirth among young people in Indonesia

Background: Young people is a vulnerable period of the emergence of various problems that may occur especially to those who are pregnant. The study was aimed to analyze the determinants of healthcare childbirth among young people in Indonesia in 2017.Design and Methods: The samples of this study were young people (15-24 yo.) who labored in the last 5 years, and there were 3,235 female young people involved. The study analyzed some variables, such as childbirth healthcare, a type of residence, age, education, employment, marital, parity, wealth, insurance, the autonomy of family finances, the autonomy of health, knowledge of pregnancy danger signs, and ANC. The data were analyzed by binary logistic regression.Results: Young people in urban were 2.23 times more likely to attend healthcare childbirth than those in rural (95%CI 1.84-2.70). Young people who completed secondary education were 4.12 times more likely to undergo delivery care than no education (95% CI 1.51-11.23). The richest were 5.60 times more likely to experience delivery care than the poorest (95%CI 3.52-8.93). Health insurance gave 1.44 possibilities for undergoing labor and delivery care (95%CI 1.22-1.70). Besides, knowing the danger signs of pregnancy allowed 1.50 times the possibilities for them to access labor and delivery care (95%CI 1.27-1.78). Young people with ANC visits of ≥4 times had more 1.68 times possibilities for taking healthcare childbirth compared to those with that of <4 times (95%CI 1.38-2.06).Conclusions: The study concluded that the determinants of healthcare childbirth among female adolescents in Indonesia included a residence, education, wealth, insurance, knowledge of pregnancy danger signs, and ANC

PERBEDAAN INDIVIDU SEBAGAI FAKTOR PENYEBAB STRES KERJA PADA TENAGA KESEHATAN AKIBAT PANDEMI COVID-19: NARRATIVE LITERATURE REVIEW

Coronavirus disease yang dikenal dengan sebutan COVID-19  telah merenggut jutaan nyawa di seluruh dunia. Tenaga kesehatan sebagai seseorang yang berperan penting dalam meningkatkan derajat kesehatan masyarakat dituntut untuk bisa melakukan pelayanan terpadu yang optimal bagi masyarakat. Tekanan atau tuntutan yang dirasakan oleh tenaga kesehatan akibat pandemi COVID-19 dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan mental tenaga kesehatan, salah satunya dapat menyebabkan stres kerja. Stres dapat terjadi salah satunya dipengaruhi oleh cara individu dalam merespon tekanan yang diperoleh di tempat kerjanya. Individu yang dapat mengendalikan tekanan dari luar dengan baik dapat terhindar dari stres.  Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis perbedaan individu sebagai faktor penyebab stres kerja pada tenaga kesehatan akibat pandemi COVID-19. Jenis penelitian ini berupa narrative literature review dengan populasi jurnal sebanyak 113 artikel. Setelah, melalui proses screening, penilaian kualitas, ekstrasi data, dan kesesuaian dengan kriteria inklusi penelitian, maka diperoleh 16 artikel sebagai artikel rujukan yang dapat digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukan terdapat 4 faktor perbedaan individu yang menyebabkan stres kerja pada tenaga kesehatan akibat pandemi COVID-19, yaitu persepsi negatif tentang COVID-19, pengalaman kerja yang kurang, rasa khawatir tentang COVID-19, seperti khawatir terinfeksi COVID-19 dan khawatir dapat menularkan COVID-19 pada kerabat/ keluarga terdekat, terakhir berupa dukungan sosial dari keluarga maupun rekan kerja yang rendah.Pemerintahan dan instansi terkait diharapkan dapat memperhatikan kesehatan mental tenaga kesehatan. Selain itu, tenaga kesehatan diharapkan tetap melakukan hal-hal positif yang dapat membangun semangat kerja selama masa pandemi COVID-19

Hambatan Akses ke Puskesmas pada Lansia di Indonesia

The elderly are one of the most vulnerable groups with very high dependency rates. This condition has the potential to cause other problems for the caregiver or his family. The elderly also has the potential to suffer from catastrophic diseases that have costly consequences. This research is a further analysis of Riskesdas 2013 data, that presented in descriptive quantitative. The results showed that elderly people living in urban as well as rural areas have a tendency of moderate access barrier to Puskesmas. There are still 15% of very poor elderly people who have major access barrier to Puskesmas. This study concludes that although elderly access to Puskesmas is quite good, but the access of very poor elderly is still need more attention. The government needs to provide basic health care facilities in more rural areas. The government also needs to realize a National Health Insurance with tax-based funding, to ensure universal coverage regardless of the ability to pay the community. Abstrak Lansia adalah salah satu kelompok rentan yang memiliki angka ketergantungan sangat tinggi. Kondisi ini berpotensi menimbulkan masalah lain bagi yang merawat atau keluarganya. Lansia juga berpotensi menderita penyakit katastropik yang menimbulkan konsekuensi biaya yang mahal. Penelitian ini merupakan analisis lanjut data Riskesdas 2013, yang disajikan secara deskriptif kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lansia yang tinggal di perkotaan maupun perdesaan mempunyai kecenderungan hambatan akses sedang untuk ke Puskesmas. Masih ada 15% lansia sangat miskin yang memiliki hambatan besar ke Puskesmas. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa meski akses lansia ke Puskesmas sudah cukup baik, tetapi akses lansia yang sangat miskin masih perlu mendapat perhatian lebih. Pemerintah perlu menyediakan fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan dasar di wilayah perdesaan yang lebih banyak. Pemerintah juga perlu mewujudkan sebuah Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional dengan pendanaan berbasis pajak, untuk memastikan cakupan secara universal dengan tanpa menghiraukan kemampuan membayar masyarakat. &nbsp