Analyzing the influence of the mRNA levels and DNA copy number on Breast cancer-related protein expression

Each protein\u27s expression in breast cancers was examined to see if it was regulated at a specific molecular level, and whether this regulation was reflected in different molecular subtypes. Microarray technologies were used to examine the DNA, mRNA, and protein lysates of 251 breast carcinoma samples. It was possible to obtain data from all three levels of the PI3K/Akt pathway for 52 proteins that have been linked to cancer. In cis Spearman rank correlations between the three molecular levels were determined for every protein across all samples and for each intrinsic gene expression subtype, resulting in 63 comparisons total due to numerous gene probes matching to single proteins. The variance of subtype-specific correlation and the variations between overall and average subtype-specific correlation were used to study subtype-specific interactions between the three molecular levels. An external data collection of 703 breast tumor specimens was used to confirm the findings. There were four categories of proteins based on rank correlation values between the three molecular levels, with the proteins being sorted into each category. There were eight proteins in Group A that had a significant association between DNA copy number and mRNA expression (Bonferroni adjusted p 0.05), as well as the other way around. There were 14 proteins in Group B with a strong connection between mRNA levels and protein levels. There was a strong link between copy number and mRNA expression in the 15 proteins in Group C. No relationships were found between the remaining 25 proteins (group D). Identifying favorable associations between copy number levels, mRNA and protein expression was possible only when cancers were categorized according to their intrinsic subtype. Particular attention was paid to protein pairings that indicated large variance in correlation values between subtypes or the overall dataset. The basal-like subtype had the highest protein expression of cleaved caspase 7 and the lowest levels of hsa-miR-29c, which coincided with CASP7 gene expression. Low expression of CASP7 cleavage and low association to CASP7 gene expression were found in the luminal A-like subtype. This miRNA was found to have an apparent target sequence in CASP7 mRNA. As such, the hsa-miR 29c miRNA may be acting as a suppressor of CASP7 translation inside the luminal-A subtype. CCNB1 copy number and gene expression were shown to be unrelated across the entire cohort. Cyclin B1 mRNA and protein expression were found to be favorably associated to copy number data in most gene intrinsic subtypes, showing that copy number can influence overall protein expression. Each subtype\u27s patients with decreased overall survival were recognized by aberrations of cyclin B1 copy number, as well. Genes and their products could be grouped into four groups based on the association between the three molecular levels, and the expression was anticipated to be regulated at distinct levels. Subtype-specific regulation was discovered after further stratification of the data set

Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern and Initial Detection of Omicron using RT-PCR in the Kurdistan region of Iraq

Background:Omicron (B.1.1.529), a novel SARS-CoV-2 variant (VOC), is a highly diverse variant with many mutations. Immune evasion is possible, as is increased transmissibility within the populations. The RT-qPCR method may be effectively utilised for variant surveillance. This is to rule in or rule out significant variants quickly. Objectives: As a result, the goal of this study was to track the prevalence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in the local community using the SGTF test in conjunction with the SARS-CoV-2 S-gene mutations RT-PCR assays. Patients and methods: The study included 255 SARS-CoV-2 positive specimens collected in Erbil central public health laboratory between January 1 to February 6, 2022, for routine testing purposes. The SARS-CoV-2 variant profiling was performed on extracted RNA using PowerChek SARS-CoV-2 S-gene Mutation Detection Kit Ver.3.0 plus S-gene Target Failure (SGTF) of the TaqPath™ COVID-19 CE-IVD RT-PCR Kit. Results: The samples were surveyed, resulting in a positivity rate of (86.6%) for Omicron BA.1, (3.1%) Omicron BA.2, (1.7%) Delta variant (B.1.617.2), and (8.6%) were inconclusive variants. Among Omicron COVID-19 cases, 89 (38.5%) were fully vaccinated, and 4 (1.7%) received full vaccination plus a booster dose. Nevertheless, 16 (7%) of the confirmed Omicron COVID-19 cases had a documented previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusion:The SARS-CoV-2 S-gene mutations RT-PCR assay is a cost-effective and fast method for the surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Currently, Omicron BA1 is the predominant SARS-CoV-2 variant in the Kurdistan region/Iraq, and the emergence of the Omicron BA2 variant is of high concern

Water Quality of a Tectonic Lake: Hazar Lake

In this study, water quality parameters of Hazar Lake have been investigated and evaluated according to water quality regulations. Some water quality parameters, such as dissolved oxygen, water temperature pH, electrical conductivity salinity, transparency, (Sechii disc depth), Chlorophyll a, total alkalinity, BOD, chloride, calcium, magnesium, total phosphorus, sulfate, ammonium nitrogen, nitrite nitrogene, nitrate nitrogene, total nitrogen were examined between September 2019-August 2020. The results were evaluated according to the quality criteria of the In-Continental Water Resources Classes of The Water Pollution and Control Regulation. According to the regulation, the water quality of Hazar Lake is classified as the 1st class in terms of dissolved oxygen, water temperature, ammonium nitrogen, total phosphorus, nitrate-nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, biological oxygen demand; as the 3rd class in terms of chloride ion; as 4th class in terms of pH. The average chlorophyll a value of 1.09 µg/L in Lake Hazar indicates that the lake shows oligotrophic lake category feature. Secchi disc depth was 3.8 m), which shows that Hazar Lake is at the oligotrophic level in terms of light transmittance. It is noticed that for total phosphorus less than 10 µg/L, the lake is oligotrophic, for 10-20 µg/L is called mesotrophic, and for more than 20 µg/L is so-called eutrophic. This value was measured 0.02 µg/L in the lake; therefore, it can be concluded that the lake is oligotrophic. In addition, the change in alkalinity values of the lake between 402-450 mg CaCO3/L indicates that the lake has very hard water characteristics. Precautions should be taken to protect ecological balances and prevent water pollution in Hazar Lake

Assessment and Assay Comparison for Detection of Antimicrobial Residues in Freshwater Aquaculture Fish in Erbil Governorate, Iraq

The excessive and uncontrolled application of antibiotics in the fish farming industry, coupled with a lack of health monitoring and medication practices, is a driving force behind the escalating development of antimicrobial resistance. The present study assessed and compared qualitative field diffusion (QFD) and disk diffusion (DD) assays for the detection of antimicrobial residues (ARs) in diverse freshwater aquaculture fish. A total of 380 freshwater aquaculture fish (160 fresh and 180 frozen) samples were systematically collected between January and June 2021 from various retail stores located in Erbil Governorate, Iraq. Based on QFDA results, overall, ARs were detected (52; 15.3%) at a relatively lower frequency with comparatively higher frequency (21; 31.1%) in fresh than (31; 17.2%) frozen fish samples. On the other hand, DDA also revealed a comparable (45; 13.2%) prevalence rate of ARs. However, a low detection was observed more in fresh (17; 10.6%) than frozen (28; 15.6%) fish samples. Moreover, no statistically significant disparity (χ2 = 0.069; p = 0.79) between two assays and types of fish was recorded. In conclusion, the results of the present study showed that detecting a considerable frequency of ARs in these fish samples raises concerns about potential threats to public health. This underscores the necessity for understanding antibiotic application in aquaculture and its potential connection to antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens. Such comprehension is pivotal for formulating and implementing effective control and farm management strategies to address this pressing issue

Typhoidal Salmonellosis (TS) (Enteric fever)

The incidence of salmonellosis continues to rise, and it is one of the fastest spreading bacteria in the globe. It's responsible for the vast majority of bacterial infections in animals everywhere. Enteric fever is a worldwide health issue, especially prevalent in places with poor sanitation that allow for the contamination of food and water sources with human feces. This illness is also known as Typhoid fever. The neuropsychiatric effects of untreated typhoid were so severe that the disease was given a name taken from the ancient Greek word for cloud. It's a public health problem, especially in poor areas, because it can affect multiple body systems and kill you. Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi are the bacteria responsible for this disease.  Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever are both types of enteric fever. Worldwide, approximately 21 million individuals contract typhoid each year. Every year, it accounts for about 200,000 fatalities around the world. Its tolerance to antibiotics has grown over time. Salmonella is a genus of Enterobacteriaceae that can cause a wide range of illnesses in the digestive tract. Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem, and even though these diseases have been eliminated in most industrialized countries, they are still a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever can be mitigated through the sanitation of potable water, but they cannot be eradicated without the control of human carriers as well. Nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars, which cause only mild cases of gastroenteritis in people, are genetically related to typhoidal Salmonella serovars

Novel biosensor for highly sensitive detection of serum albumin in artificial human urine using CuNPs@AG

Detecting early signs of disease can significantly mitigate the risk of severe consequences. Chronic kidney disease (CKD), stemming from various underlying conditions like diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, obesity, and heart disease, manifests as an impairment in the kidneys' ability to efficiently filter blood. Consequently, a small amount of the protein albumin might be excreted into the urine. In this study, we have developed a novel biosensor utilizing copper nanoparticles to identify even trace levels of albumin in urine samples. Unlike conventional immunoassay methods, our biosensor doesn't rely on antibodies for its creation. By utilizing gum tree as a stabilizing agent, we've successfully synthesized the copper nanosensor, achieving distinct optical properties and prolonged stability. This method allowed for the precise quantification of bovine serum albumin (BSA) under optimized conditions. To perform quantitative analysis, we established a calibration curve by plotting the variations in absorbance at 580 nm between the sample and the blank. This assay effectively detected albumin within the concentration range of 25 to 250 mg/L (with an R2 value of 0.98), and it exhibited a low limit of detection (LOD) at 6.5 mg/L. Notably, CuNPs demonstrated excellent specificity towards albumin. Moreover, we successfully applied this developed method for the rapid screening of albumin in synthetic and authentic urine samples, achieving recovery percentages ranging from 90% to 104% using UV–visible spectrometry. Overall, this colorimetric method holds significant promise for on-site albumin detection, offering high accuracy, exceptional selectivity, and minimal reagent consumption