A Search for an Optimum Currency Area Partners for Pakistan

This paper empirically examines the existence of a common trend between the exchange rates of Pakistan and four regional countries (Bangladesh, India, Saudi Arabia, and Sri Lanka) with two of their major trading partners (the United States and Japan) as base countries. Results from cointegrating analysis show that the strongest evidence points to the existence of common stochastic trends between the Pakistani rupee, on the one hand, and the Bangladeshi Taka and the Sri Lankan rupee, on the other hand. There is no strong evidence for the existence of a common stochastic trend between the Pakistani rupee and the currencies of India and Saudi Arabia. Optimum Currency Area (OCA) theory seems to justify the formation of a currency union between Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. The case of a currency union between Bangladesh and Pakistan is strengthened by a shared political past and a shared history of financial institutional development. The immediate impact of the formation of such union on Pakistan’s GDP growth will however be insignificant.Currency, pakistan

Numeral Recognition Using Statistical Methods Comparison Study

The area of character recognition has received a considerable attention by researchers all over the world during the last three decades. However, this research explores best sets of feature extraction techniques and studies the accuracy of well-known classifiers for Arabic numeral using the Statistical styles in two methods and making comparison study between them. First method Linear Discriminant function that is yield results with accuracy as high as 90% of original grouped cases correctly classified. In the second method, we proposed algorithm, The results show the efficiency of the proposed algorithms, where it is found to achieve recognition accuracy of 92.9% and 91.4%. This is providing efficiency more than the first method

The late-time development of the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability

Measurements have been made of the growth by the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability of nominally single-scale perturbations on an air/sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) interface in a large shock tube. An approximately sinusoidal shape is given to the interface by a wire mesh which supports a polymeric membrane separating the air from the SF6. A single shock wave incident on the interface induces motion by the baroclinic mechanism of vorticity generation. The visual thickness delta of the interface is measured from schlieren photographs obtained singly in each run and in high-speed motion pictures. Data are presented for delta at times considerably larger than previously reported, and they are tested for self-similarity including independence of initial conditions. Four different initial amplitude/wavelength combinations at one incident shock strength are used to determine the scaling of the data. It is found that the growth rate decreases rapidly with time, ddelta/dt[proportional]t–p (i.e., delta[proportional]t1–p), where 0.67<~p<~0.74 and that a small dependence on the initial wavelength lambda0 persists to large time. The larger value of the power law exponent agrees with the result of the late-time-decay similarity law of Huang and Leonard [Phys. Fluids 6, 3765–3775 (1994)]. The influence of the wire mesh and membrane on the mixing process is assessed

Experiments on Passive Hypervelocity Boundary-Layer Control Using an Ultrasonically Absorptive Surface

Recently performed linear stability analyses suggested that transition could be delayed in hypersonic boundary layers by using an ultrasonically absorptive surface to damp the second mode (Mack mode). Boundary-layer transition experiments were performed on a sharp 5.06-deg half-angle round cone at zero angle of attack in the T5 Hypervelocity Shock Tunnel to test this concept. The cone was constructed with a smooth surface around half the cone circumference (to serve as a control) and an acoustically absorptive porous surface on the other half. Test gases investigated included nitrogen and carbon dioxide at M∞ ≃ 5 with specific reservoir enthalpy ranging from 1.3 to 13.0 MJ/kg and reservoir pressure ranging from 9.0 to 50.0 MPa. Comparisons were performed to ensure that previous results obtained in similar experiments (on a regular smooth surface) were reproduced, and the results were extended to examine the effects of the porous surface. These experiments indicated that the porous surface was highly effective in delaying transition provided that the pore size was significantly smaller than the viscous length scale

Victory contractor resource center : final project report

Goler Community Development Corporation and its partners are developing a Contractor Resource Center called the Victory Contractor Resource Center (VCRC) for low-resource contractors focused on the skilled construction trade, which includes general contractors. The purpose of the center is to increase low-resource contractor participation in large-scale projects. Additionally, the role of the resource center will be to aid low-resource contractors in partnering with each other and collaborating contractually with majority contractors to ensure their ability to get to the negotiation table and their ability to reach the scale of production necessary to adequately perform the job. Ordinarily these contracts would be beyond the low-resource contractor's individual capacity. The resource center will bring intellectual capital to the underserved market of low-resource owned construction businesses across a two county area. The resource center along with its advisory board will create numerous opportunities for low-resource and majority businesses to network and build relationships. The goal is to create 36 new jobs in the skilled construction trade by increasing 9 low-resource contractor's revenue by 20% after two years. (Author abstract)Rasheed, A. A. (2007). Victory contractor resource center: final project report. Retrieved from http://academicarchive.snhu.eduMaster of Science (M.S.)School of Community Economic Developmen