A soberania alimentar: O enfoque desde os territórios e as redes agro-alimentares

The Millennium Development Goals to reduce raised 400 million people the incidence of hunger by 2015; However, despite the universal recognition of the right to food, the report 2013 FAO's State of Food and Agriculture shows that 868 million people, equivalent to 12.5% of the world population, are subordinated in terms of dietary energy consumption and 2 billion people suffer from micronutrient deficiencies. In the case of Mexico, in maize it imported nearly 11 million tons, and beef import 40% of apparent consumption, although export nearly 2 million calves to the US. In this context, this research is justified by the fact that to date there is no systematic survey of the different strategies that are following the actors in the agro-food networks. In this case the network analysis value of wheat in Sonora, as a form of study of agrifood chains in Mexico is presented, allowing an approach and understanding of the structure and dynamics of this crop under an environment of economy Free market. The importance is observed at state and national levels for wheat, especially because in recent decades the production of durum wheat is aimed at export and in the pig sector as part of balanced meals.Las metas del milenio plantearon reducir a 400 millones de personas la incidencia del hambre en 2015; sin embargo y pese al reconocimiento universal del derecho a la alimentación el informe 2013 de la FAO sobre el estado mundial de la Agricultura y la Alimentación revela que 868 millones de personas, que equivale al 12.5% de la población mundial, están subordinadas en cuanto al consumo de energía alimentaria y 2000 millones de personas sufren carencia de micronutrientes. En el caso de México, la pérdida de la soberanía alimentaria se expresa en el hecho de que actualmente se importa casi 11 millones de toneladas y en carne de res se importa el 40% del consumo aparente, pese a que se exporta casi 2 millones de becerros a EUA. En este contexto, la presente investigación se justifica por el hecho de que no existe hasta la fecha un reconocimiento sistemático de las diferentes estrategias que están siguiendo los actores que participan en las redes agroalimentarias. En este caso se presenta el análisis de la red de valor del trigo en Sonora, como una modalidad del estudio de las cadenas agroalimentarias en México, lo que permite un acercamiento y comprensión de la estructura y dinámica de este cultivo, bajo un entorno de economía de libre mercado. Se observa la importancia a nivel estatal y nacional del trigo, especialmente porque durante las últimas décadas la producción de trigos cristalinos se orienta a la exportación y al sector de la porcicultura como parte de alimentos balanceados.As metas do milénio plantearam reduzir a 400 milhões de pessoas a incidência do homem em 2015. Não obstante a essa situação e face ao reconhecimento universal do direito à alimentação, o relatório 2013 da FAO, sobre o estado mundial da Agricultura e a Alimentação, revela que 868 milhões de pessoas, que equivale à 12.5% da população mundial, estão subordinadas ao consumo de energia alimentar e 2000 milhões de pessoas sofrem carência de micronutrientes. No caso do México, a perda da soberania alimentar expressa-se no facto de que, actualmente, se importa quase 11 milhões de toneladas e, relativamente à carne bovina, a importação assenta-se ao nível de 40% do consumo aparente, uma vez que a realidade aponta para quase dois milhões de bezerros exportados pelos EUA. Neste contexto, a presente investigação justifica-se por o facto de não existir, até à data, um reconhecimento sistemático das diferentes estratégias, apresentadas pelos actores que participam nas redes agro-alimentares. Neste caso, apresenta-se uma análise da rede de valor do trigo em Sonora, como uma modalidade do estudo das cadeias agro-alimentares, no México, o que permite uma aproximação e compreensão da estrutura dinâmica deste cultivo, sob um entorno de economia de livre mercado. Observa-se, deste modo, a importância a nível estatal e nacional do trigo, especialmente, porque, durante as últimas décadas, a produção de trigos cristalinos está relacionada com a exportação e com o sector da porcicultura, como parte de alimentos balanceados

Combined searches for the production of supersymmetric top quark partners in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

A combination of searches for top squark pair production using proton-proton collision data at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV at the CERN LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb(-1) collected by the CMS experiment, is presented. Signatures with at least 2 jets and large missing transverse momentum are categorized into events with 0, 1, or 2 leptons. New results for regions of parameter space where the kinematical properties of top squark pair production and top quark pair production are very similar are presented. Depending on themodel, the combined result excludes a top squarkmass up to 1325 GeV for amassless neutralino, and a neutralinomass up to 700 GeV for a top squarkmass of 1150 GeV. Top squarks with masses from 145 to 295 GeV, for neutralino masses from 0 to 100 GeV, with a mass difference between the top squark and the neutralino in a window of 30 GeV around the mass of the top quark, are excluded for the first time with CMS data. The results of theses searches are also interpreted in an alternative signal model of dark matter production via a spin-0 mediator in association with a top quark pair. Upper limits are set on the cross section for mediator particle masses of up to 420 GeV

Measurement of the W gamma Production Cross Section in Proton-Proton Collisions at root s=13 TeV and Constraints on Effective Field Theory Coefficients

A fiducial cross section for W gamma production in proton-proton collisions is measured at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV in 137 fb(-1) of data collected using the CMS detector at the LHC. The W -> e nu and mu nu decay modes are used in a maximum-likelihood fit to the lepton-photon invariant mass distribution to extract the combined cross section. The measured cross section is compared with theoretical expectations at next-to-leading order in quantum chromodynamics. In addition, 95% confidence level intervals are reported for anomalous triple-gauge couplings within the framework of effective field theory.Peer reviewe

Performance of the CMS muon trigger system in proton-proton collisions at √s = 13 TeV

The muon trigger system of the CMS experiment uses a combination of hardware and software to identify events containing a muon. During Run 2 (covering 2015-2018) the LHC achieved instantaneous luminosities as high as 2 × 10 cm s while delivering proton-proton collisions at √s = 13 TeV. The challenge for the trigger system of the CMS experiment is to reduce the registered event rate from about 40 MHz to about 1 kHz. Significant improvements important for the success of the CMS physics program have been made to the muon trigger system via improved muon reconstruction and identification algorithms since the end of Run 1 and throughout the Run 2 data-taking period. The new algorithms maintain the acceptance of the muon triggers at the same or even lower rate throughout the data-taking period despite the increasing number of additional proton-proton interactions in each LHC bunch crossing. In this paper, the algorithms used in 2015 and 2016 and their improvements throughout 2017 and 2018 are described. Measurements of the CMS muon trigger performance for this data-taking period are presented, including efficiencies, transverse momentum resolution, trigger rates, and the purity of the selected muon sample. This paper focuses on the single- and double-muon triggers with the lowest sustainable transverse momentum thresholds used by CMS. The efficiency is measured in a transverse momentum range from 8 to several hundred GeV

Measurements of Higgs boson production cross sections and couplings in the diphoton decay channel at root s=13 TeV

Measurements of Higgs boson production cross sections and couplings in events where the Higgs boson decays into a pair of photons are reported. Events are selected from a sample of proton-proton collisions at root s = 13TeV collected by the CMS detector at the LHC from 2016 to 2018, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb(-1). Analysis categories enriched in Higgs boson events produced via gluon fusion, vector boson fusion, vector boson associated production, and production associated with top quarks are constructed. The total Higgs boson signal strength, relative to the standard model (SM) prediction, is measured to be 1.12 +/- 0.09. Other properties of the Higgs boson are measured, including SM signal strength modifiers, production cross sections, and its couplings to other particles. These include the most precise measurements of gluon fusion and vector boson fusion Higgs boson production in several different kinematic regions, the first measurement of Higgs boson production in association with a top quark pair in five regions of the Higgs boson transverse momentum, and an upper limit on the rate of Higgs boson production in association with a single top quark. All results are found to be in agreement with the SM expectations.Peer reviewe

Measurements of the Electroweak Diboson Production Cross Sections in Proton-Proton Collisions at root s=5.02 TeV Using Leptonic Decays

The first measurements of diboson production cross sections in proton-proton interactions at a center-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV are reported. They are based on data collected with the CMS detector at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 302 pb(-1). Events with two, three, or four charged light leptons (electrons or muons) in the final state are analyzed. The WW, WZ, and ZZ total cross sections are measured as sigma(WW) = 37:0(-5.2)(+5.5) (stat)(-2.6)(+2.7) (syst) pb, sigma(WZ) = 6.4(-2.1)(+2.5) (stat)(-0.3)(+0.5)(syst) pb, and sigma(ZZ) = 5.3(-2.1)(+2.5)(stat)(-0.4)(+0.5) (syst) pb. All measurements are in good agreement with theoretical calculations at combined next-to-next-to-leading order quantum chromodynamics and next-to-leading order electroweak accuracy

Search for lepton-flavor violating decays of the Higgs boson in the mu tau and e tau final states in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

A search is presented for lepton-flavor violating decays of the Higgs boson to mu t and et. The dataset corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb(-1) collected at the LHC in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. No significant excess has been found, and the results are interpreted in terms of upper limits on lepton-flavor violating branching fractions of the Higgs boson. The observed (expected) upper limits on the branching fractions are, respectively, B(H -> mu t) e tau) < 0.22(0.16)% at 95% confidence level.Peer reviewe

Search for long-lived particles decaying to jets with displaced vertices in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 Te V

A search is presented for long-lived particles produced in pairs in proton-proton collisions at the LHC operating at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The data were collected with the CMS detector during the period from 2015 through 2018, and correspond to a total integrated luminosity of 140 fb(-1). This search targets pairs of long-lived particles with mean proper decay lengths between 0.1 and 100 mm, each of which decays into at least two quarks that hadronize to jets, resulting in a final state with two displaced vertices. No significant excess of events with two displaced vertices is observed. In the context of R-parity violating supersymmetry models, the pair production of long-lived neutralinos, gluinos, and top squarks is excluded at 95% confidence level for cross sections larger than 0.08 fb, masses between 800 and 3000 GeV, and mean proper decay lengths between 1 and 25 mm.Peer reviewe

Observation of tW production in the single-lepton channel in pp collisions at root s=13 TeV

A measurement of the cross section of the associated production of a single top quark and a W boson in final states with a muon or electron and jets in proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV is presented. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 36 fb(-1) collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC in 2016. A boosted decision tree is used to separate the tW signal from the dominant t (t) over bar background, whilst the subleading W+jets and multijet backgrounds are constrained using data-based estimates. This result is the first observation of the tW process in final states containing a muon or electron and jets, with a significance exceeding 5 standard deviations. The cross section is determined to be 89 +/- 4 (stat) +/- 12 (syst) pb, consistent with the standard model.Peer reviewe

Search for top squark production in fully hadronic final states in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

A search for production of the supersymmetric partners of the top quark, top squarks, is presented. The search is based on proton-proton collision events containing multiple jets, no leptons, and large transverse momentum imbalance. The data were collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb(-1). The targeted signal production scenarios are direct and gluino-mediated top squark production, including scenarios in which the top squark and neutralino masses are nearly degenerate. The search utilizes novel algorithms based on deep neural networks that identify hadronically decaying top quarks and W bosons, which are expected in many of the targeted signal models. No statistically significant excess of events is observed relative to the expectation from the standard model, and limits on the top squark production cross section are obtained in the context of simplified supersymmetric models for various production and decay modes. Exclusion limits as high as 1310 GeVare established at the 95% confidence level on the mass of the top squark for direct top squark production models, and as high as 2260 GeV on the mass of the gluino for gluino-mediated top squark production models. These results represent a significant improvement over the results of previous searches for supersymmetry by CMS in the same final state.Peer reviewe