Evaluation of series of 177 cases of acute gynaecological emergencies in tertiary care hospital

Background: Gynecologic emergencies are relatively common and acute pain of pelvic origin is a common symptom necessitating emergency medical evaluation, because late diagnosis, potentially leading to progression to severe morbidity or death, is a matter of concern. The objective of present study is to have an overview of emergency gynecological conditions and their management.Methods: In present retrospective observational study total 177 cases were analyzed. They were divided into three groups depending on age, adolescent group patients aged 19 year and below (group A), reproductive group between 20 to 44 year (group B) and perimenopausal/postmenopausal group aged 45year and above (group C). The data collected were expressed as mean±S.D.Results: The distribution of cases was as follows: 29 cases (16.38%) in group A with a mean age of 15.5±2.21 years, 97 cases (54.80 %) in group B with a mean age of 24.20±4.38 years and 51 cases (28.81%) in group C with a mean age of 46.75±9.11 years. Pain was in right lower quadrant (36.70%), in left lower quadrant (27.95%), suprapubic (19.35%) and diffuse (16%). The most common etiology of APP were as follows: simple ovarian cysts in 16.9% patients followed by ectopic pregnancy (15.2%), complication of uterine fibroid (10.7%), rupture ovarian of cysts (9.7%) and haemorragic ovarian cysts (6.8%). Modality of management in all of the groups was as follows: observation in 21.5%, medical in 25.4% and surgical in 53.1%.Conclusions: Accurate clinical and laboratory evaluation are essential in gynecological emergencies. There should be a high index of suspicion for early detection and early intervention to reduce morbidity and mortality

Evaluation of series of 177 cases of acute gynaecological emergencies in tertiary care hospital

Background: Gynecologic emergencies are relatively common and acute pain of pelvic origin is a common symptom necessitating emergency medical evaluation, because late diagnosis, potentially leading to progression to severe morbidity or death, is a matter of concern. The objective of present study is to have an overview of emergency gynecological conditions and their management.Methods: In present retrospective observational study total 177 cases were analyzed. They were divided into three groups depending on age, adolescent group patients aged 19 year and below (group A), reproductive group between 20 to 44 year (group B) and perimenopausal/postmenopausal group aged 45year and above (group C). The data collected were expressed as mean±S.D.Results: The distribution of cases was as follows: 29 cases (16.38%) in group A with a mean age of 15.5±2.21 years, 97 cases (54.80 %) in group B with a mean age of 24.20±4.38 years and 51 cases (28.81%) in group C with a mean age of 46.75±9.11 years. Pain was in right lower quadrant (36.70%), in left lower quadrant (27.95%), suprapubic (19.35%) and diffuse (16%). The most common etiology of APP were as follows: simple ovarian cysts in 16.9% patients followed by ectopic pregnancy (15.2%), complication of uterine fibroid (10.7%), rupture ovarian of cysts (9.7%) and haemorragic ovarian cysts (6.8%). Modality of management in all of the groups was as follows: observation in 21.5%, medical in 25.4% and surgical in 53.1%.Conclusions: Accurate clinical and laboratory evaluation are essential in gynecological emergencies. There should be a high index of suspicion for early detection and early intervention to reduce morbidity and mortality

<span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA" lang="EN-GB">Adsorption selectivity of CO₂ over N₂ by cation exchanged zeolite L: Experimental and simulation studies</span>

1238-1251CO2 and N2 adsorptions of alkali and alkaline earth metal cation exchanged zeolite L have been investigated by volumetric measurements and Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulation. The zeolite KL shows lower degree of exchange because of its unique open-channel framework, linked cancrinite and intercage sites. Structural characteristics have been evaluated using X-ray diffraction analysis and surface area measurements. CO2 and N2 adsorption isotherms have been obtained for zeolite KL and its cation exchanged form up to 101.3 kPa at 293 and 303 K and the corresponding heats of adsorption estimated by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The experimental results are compared with those obtained from GCMC simulation. The texture of the materials and their selectivity for CO2 over N2 adsorption varies with the nature of the exchanged cations. Zeolite-CaL shows remarkably high CO2 selectivity (31 times) over N2 amongst the studied alkali and alkaline cation exchanged zeolite L. It has been shown that zeolite L can be used as a potential adsorbent for the removal of CO2 from industrial effluent gases

Utilization of plastic wastes for synthesis of carbon microspheres and their use as a template for nanocrystalline copper(II) oxide hollow spheres

The metal- and solvent-free single-step approach for the synthesis of carbon microspheres using various municipal plastic wastes at 700 degrees C under autogenic pressure is reported. The obtained carbon spheres have been characterized with different microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. The microscopic analysis showed formation of carbon microspheres having diameters of 1-8/41n. Among the different types of plastic wastes studied, only polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyacrylate could be converted into carbon spheres with 100% purity, whereas carbon particles with irregular shapes were also observed in the cases of other plastic wastes. The absence of catalyst makes the carbon spheres free from metal impurities and avoids the further purification process. The synthesis of carbon spheres from plastic wastes proceeds with the formation of aromatic hydrocarbons. The nanocrystalline CuO hollow spheres with a wall thickness of 130 nm have been prepared using plastic waste-derived carbon spheres as the template material under ultrasonic treatment

Formation and characterization of onions shaped carbon soot from plastic wastes

The characterization of carbonous soot obtained from the pyrolysis of different plastic wastes under static atmosphere showed the formation of carbon onions of 60 +/- 10 nm. Various physico-chemical studies have been carried out to explore the surface as well as bulk properties of carbon onions. The volume of heating chamber plays a crucial role on production and deposition of carbon onions. The pyrolysis of plastic wastes such as polypropylene, polyethylene (high and low density) and polyacrylate completely resulted into the carbon onions, whereas crystalline carbon residue with carbon onions was obtained with the pyrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Sorption of Methane and Nitrogen on Cesium Exchanged Zeolite-X: Structure, Cation Position and Adsorption Relationship

The equilibrium adsorption study of methane and nitrogen on zeolite-X exchanged with different percentages of cesium ions was carried out using volumetric gas adsorption method. The dynamic breakthrough measurements were carried out using a fixed bed breakthrough reactor and binary (methane + nitrogen) gas mixture. The cesium ion exchanged zeolite samples were characterized by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurements, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and inductive coupled plasma-optical emission spectrophotometer analysis. Methane and nitrogen adsorption capacities depend on the percentage and position of cesium ions in the zeolite. The adsorption properties of ion exchanged zeolite were studied in correlation with cesium ion positions in the zeolite. Above 36% cesium ion exchange in NaX the methane adsorption capacity increases, while nitrogen adsorption capacity decreases. The cesium exchanged zeolite showed methane adsorption capacity of 21.1 molecules/(unit cell) and methane selectivity over nitrogen of 3.84 at 288 K, higher than that of zeolite NaX. The selectivity for methane over nitrogen was found to be in the order of Cs(84)­NaX > Cs(68)­NaX > Cs(53)­NaX > Cs(36)­NaX > NaX. All of the cesium exchanged zeolites showed nitrogen adsorption capacity less than that of NaX while, Cs(84)­NaX and Cs(68)­NaX showed methane adsorption capacity more than NaX. The adsorption isotherms were fitted using the Langmuir model equation and the virial equation. The methane stoichiometric adsorption capacity also increases on cesium ion exchange; NaX and Cs(80)­NaX showed stoichiometric methane adsorption capacities of 3.5 and 5.7 molecules/(unit cell), respectively. The stoichiometric adsorption capacity for methane increases with an increase in the partial pressure of methane in the gas mixture

Uniaxial deformation of an elastomer nanocomposite containing modified carbon nanofibers by in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction

Structure and property of a nanocomposite consisting of modified carbon nanofibers (MCNFs), homogenously dispersed in an elastomeric ethylene/propylene (EP) random copolymer (84.3 wt% P) matrix, were studied by in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction during uniaxial deformation. The MCNF acted as a nucleating agent for crystallization of the α-form of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) in the matrix. During deformation at room temperature, strain-induced crystallization took place, while the transformation from the γ phase to α phase also occurred for both unfilled and 10 wt% MCNF-filled samples. The tensile strength of the filled material was consistently higher than that of pure copolymer. However, when compared with pure copolymer, the highly stretched nanocomposite exhibited a higher amount of unoriented crystals, a lower degree of crystal orientation and a higher amount of γ crystals. This behavior indicated that polymer crystals in the filled nanocomposite experienced a reduced load, suggesting an effective load transfer from the matrix to MCNFs. At elevated temperatures, the presence of MCNFs resulted in a thermally stable physically cross-linked network, which facilitated strain-induced crystallization and led to a remarkable improvement in the mechanical properties. For example, the toughness of the 10 wt% nanocomposite was found to increase by a factor of 150 times at 55 °C

Relationship between structure and dynamic mechanical properties of a carbon nanofiber reinforced elastomeric nanocomposite

The tensile and dynamic mechanical properties of a nanocomposite, containing modified carbon nanofibers (MCNFs) homogenously dispersed in an elastomeric ethylene/propylene (EP) copolymer semicrystalline matrix (84.3 wt% P), have been correlated with the structure development. These properties were characterized by in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction during stretching, dynamic mechanical analysis and X-ray analysis techniques over a wide temperature range. Upon sequential drawing, the tensile strength of the nanocomposite film was notably higher than that of the unfilled polymer even though both samples exhibited a similar amount of crystal fraction and the same degree of crystal orientation, revealing the effect of nanofiller reinforcement in the semicrystalline matrix. The mechanical spectra of the 10 wt% MCNF filled samples in both stretched and non-stretched states showed broadening of the elastic modulus at high temperatures, where the corresponding crystallinity index also decreased. It is conceivable that a significant fraction of chain orientation is induced in the vicinity of the nanofillers during stretching, and these stretched chains with reduced mobility significantly enhance the thermal mechanical properties

Structure development during shear flow induced crystallization of i-PP: In situ wide-angle X-ray diffraction study

In situ synchrotron wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) was used to monitor crystallization of isotactic polypropylene (i-PP) in the subcooled melt at 140 °C after step shear. The melt was subjected to a shear strain of 1430% at three different shear rates (10, 57, and 102 s-1) using a parallel-plate shear apparatus. WAXD results were used to determine the type (α- and β-crystals), orientation, and corresponding mass fractions of i-PP crystals. It was found that formation of oriented α-crystals occurred immediately after application of the shear field. Subsequently, growth of primarily unoriented β-crystals was observed. WAXD patterns clearly showed that β-crystals grew only after the formation of oriented α-crystals in the sheared i-PP melt. The contribution of β-crystals to the total crystalline phase was as high as 65-70% at high shear rates (57 and 102 s-1) and low (20%) at low shear rates (10 s-1), which was attributed to the different amount of surface area of oriented α-crystal cylindrites generated at different shear rates. The growth of β-crystals which is related to the surface area of the oriented α-form crystalline assembly has been proposed earlier. Also, the unoriented nature and fast growth of the β-crystals determined from WAXD experiments provide an explanation for the 2 orders of magnitude increase in the kinetics of crystallization of the unoriented structures, which was previously observed (but not explained) in our crystallization study by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). © 2001 American Chemical SocietyNSF DMR-0098104 and in part by ExxonMobil.Peer Reviewe