An Energy Efficient and High Speed Image Compression System Using Stationary Wavelet Transform

Image compression is one of the interesting domains nowadays in all areas of research. Everybody working with huge of amount of data in their daily life. In-order to deal with such huge amount of data, there is a need to store and compress the data. So there is a need to develop a system to compress and store the data. JPEG 2000 is a system to achieve this object. In this paper an area efficient and high speed JPEG2000 architecture has been developed to compress the image data. To implement JPEG2000 system, here a transform called stationary wavelet transform has been used. Stationary wavelet transform reduces the bottlenecks existing in the wavelet transform. Stationary wavelet transform avoids the problem of invariance-translation of the already existing discrete wavelet transform. The proposed stationary wavelet transform based JPEG2000 improves the speed and efficiency of power compared to the discrete wavelet transform based JPEG2000. Many image compression applications such as tele-medicine, satellite imaging, medical imaging require high-speed, low power compression techniques with small chip area. This paper has an analysis on the speed of JPEG2000 using stationary wavelet transform and it will be compared theoretically and practically with the JPEG2000 using discrete wavelet transform. The amount of information missing in the test image usually been very small when compared to the DWT based JPEG2000.The MSE and PSNR values proved to be better when compared to the DWT based JPEG2000. The proposed SWT based JPEG2000 compresses and decompresses the image at a faster rate than the DWT based JPEG2000.Finally the design will be implemented in XILINX Virtex-4 FPGA Kit. .The power consumption of the proposed method proved to be 290mW compared to other types of compression techniques

VLSI Implementation of Medical Image Fusion Using DWT-PCA Algorithms

Nowadays, the usage of DIP is more important in the medical field to identify the activities of the patients related to various diseases. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computer Tomography (CT) scan images are used to perform the fusion process. In brain medical image, MRI scan is used to show the brain structural information without functional data. But, CT scan image is included the functional data with brain activity. To improve the low dose CT scan, hybrid algorithm is introduced in this paper which is implemented in FPGA. The main objective of this work is to optimize performances of the hardware. This work is implemented in FPGA. The combination of Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Principle Component Analysis (PCA) is known as hybrid algorithm. The Maximum Selection Rule (MSR) is used to select the high frequency component from DWT. These three algorithms have RTL architecture which is implemented by Verilog code. Application Specified Integrated Chips (ASIC) and Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) performances analyzed for the different methods. In 180 nm technology, DWT-PCA-IF architecture achieved 5.145 mm2 area, 298.25 mW power, and 124 ms delay. From the fused medical image, mean, Standard Deviation (SD), entropy, and Mutual Information (MI) performances are evaluated for DWT-PCA method

Kimberlites, Lamproites, Lamprophyres, Carbonatites, other Alkaline Rocks, and Mafic Dykes from the Indian Shield: glimpses of research (2012-2016)

Major highlights of researches carried out on kimberlites, lamproites, lamprophyres, carbonatites, other alkaline rocks and mafic dykes from the Indian shield during 2012-2016 are presented. New findings involving field mapping, petrology, geochemistry (including high quality mineral based in situ isotopic studies) and geophysics have provided remarkable insights on the mode of their occurrence, timing of emplacement, mineralogy and bulk-rock composition, redox conditions, relative contribution of the lithosphere and asthenosphere, as well as their economic potential. Several large-scale geodynamic aspects such as plume-lithosphere interactions, ancient subduction events, layered structure of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle, spatial extent of the Precambrian large igneous provinces and supercontinent configurations could be unraveled from these studies on deep-mantle derived small-volume magmatic rocks

INHIBITORY EFFECT OF ETHANOLIC ROOT EXTRACT OF COIX LACHRYMAJOBI ON HYALURONIDASE AND L-AMINO ACID OXIDASE OF NAJA NAJA AND DABOIA RUSSELLI VENOM

Objective: This study was carried out to investigate the efficacy of inhibitory effect of ethanolic root extract (ERE) of plant Coix lachrymajobi (Poaceae) on hyaluronidase and L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) of Daboia russelii and Naja naja venom. Methodology: The ethanolic root extract of C. lachrymajobi is used to treat snake bite victims by traditional healers as folk medicine for centuries, was tested in-vitro to determine its ability to inhibit D. russelli and N. naja hyaluronidase and LAAO activities.  In-vitro studies were carried out with different doses of ERE.Results & Discussion: which effectively neutralized hyaluronidase and LAAO activities of both D. russelli and N. naja venom.  ERE at doses of 2000µg successfully inhibited D. russelli (50 µg) hyaluronidase activity by 67.04% and LAAO activity by 77.86%.  The hyaluronidase activity of N. naja venom (50 µg) was inhibited by 71.83% and LAAO activity was reduced by 74.83%.  From the results, It is evident that the ERE of Coix lachrymajobi effectively neutralizes important toxic enzymes of the D. russelli and Naja naja venoms.Keywords: Daboia russelii; Naja naja; Coix lacryma-jobi; Hyaluronidase; L-amino acid oxidas

PRELIMINARY PHTOCEMICAL INVESTIGATION AND ANTI-VENOM ACTIVITY OF COIX LACRYMAJOBI ROOT EXTRACT AGAINST DABOIA RUSSELLI VENOM-INDUCED MYONECROSIS

Objective: The aim of the study was to carry out the preliminary phytochemical investigation and to evaluate the inhibition of Daboia russellivenom‑induced myonecrosis by root extract (RE) of Coix lacrymajobi.Methods: The roots of C. lacrymajobi were subjected to differential extraction by soxhlet extraction using petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate,and ethanol. The resultant extracts were subjected to the preliminary phytochemical investigation to identify the different chemical groups present inthe extracts. Myonecrotic activity was conducted, to assess the ability of ethanolic RE to inhibit the myonecrosis induced by D. russelli venom in rats.Results: The preliminary phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of triterpenoids, resins, steroids and fixed oils in petroleum ether extract,flavonoids, triterpenoids, saponins and fixed oils in chloroform extract and alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, glycosides, resins, saponins, steroids,and tannins. Ethanolic extract was found to have maximum number of phytochemicals, and hence, it was used for further study. The ethanolic REsignificantly inhibited the myonecrotic activity at dose level 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight.Conclusion: The screening of phytochemicals presents on the different fractions of the RE was studied successfully. Supporting the use of roots bytraditional healers, ethanolic extract successfully inhibited D. russelli venom‑induced myonecrosis in rats.Keywords: Coix lacrymajobi, Daboia russelli, Myonecrosis

SUPRACLAVICULAR BRACHIAL PLEXUS BLOCK WITH AND WITHOUT DEXAMETHASONE AS AN ADJUVANT TO LOCAL ANESTHETICS- AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY.

Aim: Branchial plexus block accompanied by bupivacaine gives very efficacious anesthesia and analgesia. The addition of dexamethasone as an additive in bupivacaine prolonged the anesthetic and analgesic effect. This study aimed to contrast the outset and period of sensory and motor blockade and the period of the analgesic effect after adding dexamethasone to anesthesia and anesthesia without adding dexamethasone in the Supraclavicular branchial plexus block. Materials and Methods: This study included 100 patients and was conducted in Cuttack, Odisha. The age group of patients was between 20-60 years. Patients were divided into 2 categories:         Category 1 (cases): In this group, 16 ml of 2% lignocaine with adrenaline was administered and 16 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine with 10mg dexamethasone was administered.         Category 2 (control): In this group, 16 ml of 2% lignocaine with adrenaline was administered and 16 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine with saline was administered. Results: In Category 1 the sensory blockage was outset in 7 minutes whereas in Category 2 the outset of sensory blockage was 14 minutes. The motor blockage in Category 1 started in 4 minutes and in Category 2 it started in 19 minutes. There was no complication during the operative period and post-operatively. Conclusion: The addition of dexamethasone in 16 ml of 2 % lignocaine with adrenaline and 16 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine with 10mg dexamethasone increases the outset of sensory and motor blockage. It significantly increases the period of sensory and motor blockage and duration of analgesia. Recommendation: The in-plane approach is strongly recommended for this block; the needle tip and shaft should be continuously visualised in real-time to avoid inadvertent pleural puncture

A prospective observational study of prevalence, incidence, and prognostic implications of right-sided heart failure in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common reason for respiratory failure in critically unwell patients. Noncardiogenic pulmonary edoema that develops suddenly, acute hypoxemia, and the need for mechanical ventilation are its defining features. This study's major objective was to examine the likelihood of cor-pulmonale in ARDS patients receiving protective ventilation, as well as its prognosis over the long term. Methods: S. C. B. medical college in Odisha, India served as the setting for this prospective observational study. 100 consecutive patients with moderate to severe ARDS were included in the trial in accordance with the Indian criterion. With an average PEEP of 91 cm H2O and a plateau pressure cap of 31 cm H2O, these patients were ventilated. Results: There were 100 patients altogether, 63 males and 37 females, with a mean age of 59-19 years. The interval between the diagnosis of ARDS and TEE was typically 0.75-0.97 days. There were 100 cases of cor pulmonale, which was shown to be common (21.09%). Lung injury occurred more frequently in patients with cor pulmonale compared to other patients when an infectious cause was involved [37 (79.06%) vs. 67 (57.61%)]. Conclusions: The incidence of cor pulmonale in ARDS patients undergoing ventilation with restricted airway pressure is an interesting finding. In our investigation, it showed up as an independent risk factor for 28-day mortality and was linked to sepsis and high driving pressure readings

Effect of substrate stiffness on early human embryonic stem cell differentiation

Background: The pluripotency and self renewing properties of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) make them a valuable tool in the fields of developmental biology, pharmacology and regenerative medicine. Therefore, there exists immense interest in devising strategies for hESC propagation and differentiation. Methods involving simulation of the native stem cell microenvironment, both chemical and physical, have received a lot of attention in recent years. Equally important is evidence that cells can also sense the mechanical properties of their microenvironment. In this study, we test the hypothesis that hESCs accept mechanical cues for differentiation from the substrate by culturing them on flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) of varying stiffness. Results: PDMS substrates were prepared using available commercial formulations and characterized for stiffness, surface properties and efficiency of cell attachment and proliferation. Across different substrate stiffness, cell numbers, cell attachment and cell surface area were found to be similar. Expression of pluripotency markers decreased with increased time in culture across all PDMS substrates of varying stiffness. Analysis of gene expression of differentiation markers indicates that the differentiation process becomes less stochastic with longer culture times. Conclusions: We evaluated the utility of PDMS substrates for stem cell propagation and substrate mediated differentiation. The stiffness affected gene expression of pluripotent and differentiation markers with results indicating that these substrate systems could potentially be used to direct hESC fate towards early mesodermal lineages. This study suggests that coupled with soluble factors, PDMS substrates could potentially be useful in generating defined populations of differentiated cells.Engineering and Applied Science

Survey paper comparing ECC with RSA, AES and Blowfish Algorithms

Data Security is primary concern for every communication system. There exist many frauds in real time through online in each and every aspect, in order to overcome those frauds which means to keep one?s images and personal information secure, there should be some security algorithms which helps in reducing the frauds. In general, there are many encryption algorithms that can be used to reduce the real time frauds. These encryption algorithms can be classified into two types. One is symmetric encryption and the other one is asymmetric encryption. Symmetric encryption algorithms are used earlier for the purpose of providing security such as AES and Blowfish algorithms. In AES algorithm, the processing time is more and requires more rounds of communication when compared to the remaining algorithms and it is not highly secured. In case of blow fish algorithm, uses a lot of memory and has a relatively long key setup time and it was only designed for software. In order to provide more security the asymmetric algorithms are used such as RSA algorithm and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) algorithm. When compared to ECC, RSA algorithms is little slow and uses larger key or message in size. So, now the most efficient ECC algorithm came into the picture in order to provide high security over the existing credit frauds. This proves the efficiency and the less memory usage after the implementation of elliptic curve cryptography

A new species of scorpion of the genus \u3cem\u3eButhoscorpio\u3c/em\u3e Werner, 1936 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Andhra Pradesh, India

A new species of scorpion, Buthoscorpio rayalensis sp. nov., is described from Andhra Pradesh, India. The new species of scorpion can be differentiated from its congeners in having the following set of morphological characters: anterior edge of carapace exhibiting very broad subtle indentation with a conspicuous epistome present medially, median eyes situated anteriorly in the ratio 1:3.1, interocular area smooth, patella anteriorly smooth and rounded, mesosomal tergites smooth, pectines 17–17, and arrangement of lateral eyes. Stenochirus jinnahii Amir, Kama-luddin et Jabbar, 2005 and S. rahmatii Amir, Kamaluddin et Jabbar, 2005 are considered Buthidae incertae sedis as their generic allocation has been erroneous