Evaluation of Incidence and Diagnostic Accuracy of Squash Cytology with Histopathology of Various CNS Lesions

Background: Central nervous system lesions continue to be one of the most diverse and difficult to research for neuropathologists. Accurate assessment of the damaged tissue is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Historically, the "squash" or "crush" approach has been used for intraoperative diagnosis of CNS tumours. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of squash preparation for diagnosing central nervous system tumours in comparison to histology. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, sixty neuropathological samples were analysed. During the proper surgical process, fresh tissue samples of 0.5-1mm2 were taken and submitted for squash cytology. There were supposedly frozen and squash samples. Fast staining and paraffin-embedded tissue staining were both used to create cytology smears from squash; the results of these smears were reported, and they were correlated with slides from the histopathology lab. Squash cytology tumour grade was correlated with histopathology tumour grading. Results: CNS Neoplasms were found in 58 out of 60 patients (96.6 percent). Meningiomas, schwannomas, and small round cell tumours were also common cytological diagnosis alongside gliomas. There was a connection between the cytological and histological findings. The overall diagnosis accuracy of cytology for squash was 93%. Between the ages of 40 and 50, people had the highest prevalence of central nervous system lesions. Conclusion: Squash smear cytology is an effective and rapid stand-alone diagnostic procedure that can help surgeons make judgments regarding intracranial lesions during surgery when a frozen section facility is not available

Analysis of Histomorphological Spectrum of CNS Tumors in a Tertiary Care Centre

Background: Central nervous system (CNS) tumours vary geographically and racially in incidence and distribution. They make up 2% of all cancers, with a rising incidence. Distinguishing non-neoplastic CNS lesions from brain tumours often requires histopathological examination due to clinical and radiological similarities. Therefore, this study formulated the analysis of histomorphological spectrum of CNS tumours in a tertiary care centre. Methodology: This retrospective study comprised 60 cases and was conducted at a tertiary healthcare hospital from July 2012 to July 2016. The cases were diagnosed through histopathological examination and categorized in accordance with the world health organization (WHO) 2016 classification. Results: Out of 60 cases, 31-40 age group had the highest number of cases, with 15 individuals affected, constituting 25.00% of the total cases. As age brackets increase, the incidence of CNS lesions rises. Astrocytomas constitute the most common CNS tumor (36.6%). The breakdown of tumor grades in relation to different age groups reveals that Grade II tumors display a broader distribution, occurring in every age group and accounting for a total of 10 cases. Conclusion: Our study identifies astrocytoma as the most common CNS tumor (22 cases in ages 31-50), followed by meningioma (6 cases in ages 31-60), and various other tumors with 6 cases each. Grade II tumors are prevalent (10 cases across all age groups)

A comparison of intravenous lignocaine, intraperitoneal lignocaine, a combination of both on bowel recovery and pain relief in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background:Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is being increasingly performed as a day care surgery. Pain and lack of early bowel movements are common reasons preventing discharge on the same day.Methods: Study was conducted in a Government tertiary care institute in Kerala, South India. The effect of Intraperitoneal (IP), Intravenous (IV) and a combination of both on postoperative pain relief and bowel recovery was studied in 75 patients who were randomized in to 3 equal groups undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Group 1 IP lignocaine, Group 2 IV lignocaine and Group 3 combination of IP and IV lignocaine.Results: The time of bowel recovery and the pain scales at different time was compared using ANOVA test. Intergroup comparison of bowel recovery and pain scale was done using Bonferroni test. Pain score shows a statistically significant difference between Group 1 and Group 2 with a p value <0.001 and a statistically significant difference between Group1 and Group3 with a p value 0.126, but no statistical significance between Group 2 & Group3. The return of bowel activity was noted with perception of bowel movements and time for passage of flatus compared among the group, there was a statistically significant difference between the three groups.  Group 2 was found to be significantly better than the Group1 and Group3.Conclusions: Intravenous lignocaine is superior in bringing out early return of bowel activity when compared to all groups and Intravenous lignocaine is superior compared to intraperitoneal lignocaine in pain relief.

Drosophila adult muscle development and regeneration

Myogenesis is a highly orchestrated, complex developmental process by which cell lineages that are mesodermal in origin generate differentiated multinucleate muscle cells as a final product. Considerable insight into the process of myogenesis has been obtained for the embryonic development of the larval muscles of Drosophila. More recently, the postembryonic development of the muscles of the adult fly has become a focus of experimental investigation of myogenesis since specific flight muscles of the fly manifest remarkable similarities to vertebrate muscles in their development and organization. In this review, we catalog some of the milestones in the study of myogenesis in the large adult-specific flight muscles of Drosophila. The identification of mesoderm-derived muscle stem cell lineages, the characterization of the symmetric and asymmetric divisions through which they produce adult-specific myoblasts, the multifaceted processes of myoblast fusion, and the unexpected discovery of quiescent satellite cells that can be activated by injury are discussed. Moreover, the finding that all of these processes incorporate a plethora of signaling interactions with other myogenic cells and with niche-like neighboring tissue is considered. Finally, we briefly point out possible future developments in the area of Drosophila myogenesis that may lead to of new avenues of genetic research into the roles of muscle stem cells in development, disease and aging

Long Tailed Maps as a Representation of Mixed Mode Oscillatory Systems

Mixed mode oscillatory (MMO) systems are known to exhibit some generic features such as the reversal of period doubling sequences and crossover to period adding sequences as bifurcation parameters are varied. In addition, they exhibit a nearly one dimensional unimodal Poincare map with a longtail. We recover these common features from a general class of two parameter family of one dimensional maps with a unique critical point that satisfy a few general constraints that determine the nature of the map. We derive scaling laws that determine the parameter widths of the dominant windows of periodic orbits sandwiched between two successive states of RL^k sequence. An example of a two parameter map with a unique critical point is introduced to verify the analytical results.Comment: 13 pages and 8 figure

High‐Performance Flexible Broadband Photodetectors Based on 2D Hafnium Selenosulfide Nanosheets

2D transition‐metal dichalcogenides have attracted significant interest in recent years due to their multiple degrees of freedom, allowing for tuning their physical properties via band engineering and dimensionality adjustment. The study of ternary 2D hafnium selenosulfide HfSSe (HSS) high‐quality single crystals grown with the chemical vapor transport (CVT) technique is reported. An as‐grown HSS single crystal exhibits excellent phototransistor performance from the visible to the near‐infrared with outstanding stability. A giant photoresponsivity (≈6.4 × 104 A W−1 at 488 nm) and high specific detectivity (≈1014 Jones) are exhibited by a device fabricated by exfoliating single‐crystal HSS of nano‐thickness on a rigid Si/SiO2 substrate. The application of HSS single crystal is extended to yield a sensible flexible photodetector of photoresponsivity up to ≈1.3 A W−1 at 980 nm. The photoresponsivity of CVT‐grown HSS single crystal is significantly larger than those fabricated with other existing Hf‐based chalcogenides. The results suggest that the layered multi‐elemental 2D chalcogenide single crystals hold great promise for future wearable electronics and integrated optoelectronic circuits

Extended air, light, and heat-resistive organolead halide perovskite single-crystalline microrods for high-performance photodetectors

Two-dimensional organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites are much attracted due to promising stable optoelectronic properties with tunable quantum well structures. Herein, we report the photodetector performance of the structurally tuned FA-incorporated hybrid perovskite FA-(N-MPDA)PbBr4 (FA = formamidinium and N-MPDA = N1-methylpropane-1,3-diammonium) high-quality single-crystalline microrods obtained from over supersaturated solution by a slow evaporation at constant temperature (SECT) growth method. The single crystalline FA-(N-MPDA)PbBr4 microrod exhibits exceptional structural, thermal, and optical stabilities against ambient, light, and heat exposures, which were systematically monitored using X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence, and thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry techniques. The photodetector device fabricated using stable FA-(N-MPDA)PbBr4 crystalline microrod exhibits good responsivity ∼40 A W−1 with a response time of less than 50 ms by shining a 405 nm laser. In addition, the microrods exhibit high specific detectivity of 7.8 × 1010 Jones at an incident light of 53 μW cm−2. These results demonstrate the potential of organic–inorganic perovskite microrods formed with a long-chain organic diammonium spacer suitable for stable and high-performance optoelectronic devices

Unprecedented random lasing in 2D organolead halide single-crystalline perovskite microrods

Three-dimensional organic–inorganic hybrid halide perovskites have been demonstrated as great materials for applications in optoelectronics and photonics. However, their inherent instabilities in the presence of moisture, light, and heat may hinder their commercialization. Alternatively, emerging two-dimensional (2D) organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites have recently attracted increasing attention owing to their great environmental stability and inherent natural quantum-well structure. In this work, we have synthesized a high-quality long-chain organic diammonium spacer assisted 2D hybrid perovskite FA-(N-MPDA)PbBr4 (FA = formamidinium and N-MPDA = N-methylpropane-1,3-diammonium) by the slow evaporation at constant temperature method. The millimeter-sized single-crystalline microrods demonstrate low threshold random lasing behavior at room temperature. The single-crystalline 2D hybrid perovskite random laser achieved a very narrow linewidth (∼0.1 nm) with a low threshold (∼0.5 μJ cm−2) and a high quality factor (∼5350). Furthermore, the 2D hybrid microrod laser shows stable lasing emission with no measurable degradation after at least 2 h under continuous illumination, which substantially proves the stability of 2D perovskites. Our results demonstrate the promise of 2D organic–inorganic microrod-shaped perovskites and provide an important step toward the realization of high-performance optoelectronic devices

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research