Senator Oliver P. Morton and Historical Memory of the Civil War and Reconstruction in Indiana

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)After governing Indiana during the Civil War, Oliver P. Morton acquired great national influence as a Senator from 1867 to 1877 during Reconstruction. He advocated for African American suffrage and proper remembrance of the Union cause. When he died in 1877, political colleagues, family members, and many Union veterans recalled Morton’s messages and used the occasion to reflect on the nation’s memories of the Civil War and Reconstruction. This thesis examines Indiana’s Governor and Senator Oliver P. Morton, using his postwar speeches, public commentary during and after his life, and the public testimonials and monuments erected in his memory to analyze his role in defining Indiana’s historical memories of the Civil War and Reconstruction from 1865 to 1907. The eulogies and monument commemoration ceremonies reveal the important reciprocal relationship between Morton and Union veterans, especially Indiana members of the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR). As the GAR’s influence increased during the nineteenth century, Indiana members used Morton’s legacy and image to promote messages of patriotism, national unity, and Union pride. The monuments erected in Indianapolis and Washington, D. C., reflect Indiana funders’ desire to remember Morton as a Civil War Governor and to use his image to reinforce viewers’ awareness of the sacrifices and results of the war. This thesis explores how Morton’s friends, family, political colleagues, and influential members of the GAR emphasized Morton’s governorship to use his legacy as a rallying point for curating and promoting partisan memories of the Civil War and, to a lesser extent, Reconstruction, in Indiana

Epilepsiapotilas päivystyksessä

Vertaisarvioitu. English summaryEpilepsiapotilaat ohjautuvat päivystykseen ensimmäisen, pitkittyneen, tiheästi toistuvan tai komplisoituneen kohtauksensa vuoksi. Nopea ja oikein kohdennettu hoito parhaassa tapauksessa estää kohtauksen vaikeutumisen status epilepticukseksi. Hoitoketjun eri vaiheiden saumaton eteneminen selkeän hoitoprotokollan mukaan on pitkittyneen epilepsiakohtauksen saaneen potilaan ennusteen kannalta keskeistä. Viiveettömän hoidon toteutuksen lisäksi lääkehoidon valinnassa tulisi huomioida epilepsian ja pitkittyneen kohtauksen tyyppi, etiologia ja niihin liittyvät epävarmuustekijät. Aikuispotilaiden osalta korostuvat liitännäissairaudet, niihin liittyvät hoidot ja kohtaustilanteen vaikeutumisen muut syyt. Vaikeassa kohtaustilanteessa epileptologisen yksikön konsultoiminen on tarpeen. Jos potilaan status epilepticus on vaikeahoitoinen, konsultaation tulisi toteutua kiireellisesti. Päivystyspisteiden osuus on merkittävä paitsi viiveettömässä kohtausten hoidossa myös jatkohoidon toteutuksessa ja ohjauksessa.Peer reviewe

Elevated IL-6 plasma levels are associated with GAD antibodies-associated autoimmune epilepsy

BackgroundAntibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA) are present in multiple neurological manifestations, such as stiff-person syndrome, cerebellar ataxia, limbic encephalitis, and epilepsy. Increasing data support the clinical significance of GADA as an autoimmune etiology of epilepsy, however, there is not yet definitive evidence to confirm the pathogenic link between GADA and epilepsy.ObjectiveInterleukin-6 (IL-6), a pro-convulsive and neurotoxic cytokine, and interleukin-10 (IL-10), an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective cytokine, are crucial inflammatory mediators in the brain. Increased production of IL-6 and its association with epileptic disease profiles are well established, suggesting the presence of chronic systemic inflammation in epilepsy. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the association of plasma cytokine concentrations of IL-6 and IL-10 and their ratio with GADA in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy.MethodsInterleukin-6 and IL-10 concentrations were measured by ELISA in plasma, and the IL-6/IL-10 ratio was calculated in a cross-sectional cohort of 247 patients with epilepsy who had their GADA titers measured previously for their clinical significance in epilepsy. Based on GADA titers, patients were grouped as GADA negative (n = 238), GADA low positive (antibody titers < 1,000 RU/mL, n = 5), and GADA high positive (antibody titers ≥ 1,000 RU/mL, n = 4).ResultsMedian IL-6 concentrations were significantly higher in patients with high GADA positivity [2.86 pg/mL, interquartile range (IQR) = 1.90–5.34 pg/mL] than in GADA-negative patients [1.18 pg/mL, interquartile range (IQR) = 0.54–2.32 pg/mL; p = 0.039]. Similarly, IL-10 concentrations were also higher in GADA high-positive patients [1.45 pg/mL, interquartile range (IQR) = 0.53–14.32 pg/mL] than in GADA-negative patients [0.50 pg/mL, interquartile range (IQR) = 0.24–1.00 pg/mL], however, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.110). Neither IL-6 nor IL-10 concentrations were different between GADA-negative and GADA low-positive patients (p > 0.05) or between GADA low-positive or GADA high-positive patients (p > 0.05). The IL-6/IL-10 ratio was also similar among all the study groups.ConclusionIncreased circulatory concentrations of IL-6 are associated with high GADA titers in patients with epilepsy. These data provide additional pathophysiological significance of IL-6 and help to further describe the immune mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of GADA-associated autoimmune epilepsy