Accountability in patenting of federally funded research

Bayh-Dole allows academic grantees to patent federally-funded research for purposes of promoting the commercialization of this research. To ensure commercialization goals are achieved, the Act requires grantees to report to funding agencies not only the existence of federally-funded patents but also utilization efforts they and their licensees/assignees are making. Although reporting is a cornerstone of accountability under Bayh-Dole, information about grantee compliance with reporting requirements is incomplete and dated. In fact, the last significant study of the question dates back to the late 1990s and analyzes only 633 patents. Since that time, concerns have emerged that federally-funded university patents are being asserted improperly against independent commercializers or even assigned to so-called “patent trolls.” This article provides fresh evidence indicating substantial under-reporting of the existence of federal funding in over 30,000 academic biomedical patents issued between 1980 to 2007. The article finds substantial under-reporting of federal funding even in the case of patents on FDA-approved drugs, which should presumably receive significant attention from universities. Grantees’ failure to report federal funding suggests similar, or even more significant, noncompliance with requirements to report utilization information. However, compliance with reporting requirements on utilization cannot be assessed because of secrecy associated with relevant government databases. Accordingly, the article makes a fresh argument that the Commerce Department, which has the requisite regulatory authority, work with funding agencies, to improve transparency. Greater transparency would not only motivate grantees to improve reporting but would also allow assessment of whether grantee patent management is actually achieving Bayh-Dole\u27s utilization goals

Research on the mechanism and kinetics of oxidation of silicon in air Semiannual report, 1 Dec. 1966 - 31 May 1967

Mechanism and kinetics of silicon oxidation in air-instrumentation for ellipsometry and use in determining refractive index and thickness of thin oxide films on silico

Research on the Mechanism and Kinetics of Oxidation of Silicon in Air Semiannual Report, 1 Jun. - 30 Nov. 1966

Ellipsometric studies on mechanism and kinetics of thin oxide films on silicon in ai

Research on the Mechanism and Kinetics of Oxidation of Silicon in Air Second Semiannual Report, 1 Dec. 1965 - 31 May 1966

Ellipsometer studies of oxide thin film growth on silicon in ai

Low cost spectro photometric determination of paraquat in environmental and biological sample

An extractive, sensitive spectrophotometer method has been developed for the detection and determination of paraquat using glucose ( as easily available reducing agent ). Paraquat is reduced with glucose in alkaline medium to give a blue colored ion with an absorbance maxima at 610 nm. Beer’s law is obeyed in the range 0.5-5.0 µg of paraquat in 10ml of the final solution (ppm). The important analytical parameters and the optimum reaction conditions were evaluated. The method was applied successfully to the determination of paraquat in water, grain, plant material and biological sample

Nutritional Aspects of High Altitude and Snow Bound Areas

The precise nutritional requirement of humans at high altitude area is not well defined. Further there are many conflicting reports on the effects of hypoxia on digestion, absorption and utilization of food at high altitude. In this review the nutritional requirements at high altitude and the effects of hypoxia on humans in relation to nutrition have been discussed