Geographic mobility and social inequality among Peruvian university students

The purpose of this study was to explore geographic mobility among university students in Peru and to understand how mobility patterns differ by region and by demographic indicators of inequality. The ways that students may be able to move geographically in order to access quality higher education within the educational system can be a driver of equality or inequality, depending on who is able to take advantage. Using data from a university census, we examine how demographic indicators of inequality are related to geographic mobility for university attendance, how prior geographic mobility predicts later mobility for university attendance, and how these relationships differ based on the number and quality of universities in a region. Results show that sociodemographic variables related to social inequality explain a substantial amount of students\u27 postsecondary mobility. However, some of these relationships do not operate in the same way in all of the regions. Depending on the availability of universities and their quality, patterns of association between inequality and geographic mobility change. Implications for higher education policy as well as further research examining geographic mobility and inequality in education are discussed

Alternative Procedures for Reducing Allogeneic Blood Transfusion in Elective Orthopedic Surgery

Perioperative blood loss is a major problem in elective orthopedic surgery. Allogeneic transfusion is the standard treatment for perioperative blood loss resulting in low postoperative hemoglobin, but it has a number of well-recognized risks, complications, and costs. Alternatives to allogeneic blood transfusion include preoperative autologous donation and intraoperative salvage with postoperative autotransfusion. Orthopedic surgeons are often unaware of the different pre- and intraoperative possibilities of reducing blood loss and leave the management of coagulation and use of blood products completely to the anesthesiologists. The goal of this review is to compare alternatives to allogeneic blood transfusion from an orthopedic and anesthesia point of view focusing on estimated costs and acceptance by both parties

Bleeding management in elective orthopedic surgery

Preoperative anemia and blood loss are two major concerns in elective orthopedic surgery. Most orthopedic surgeons consider allogenic blood transfusions to be a standard treatment in cases of low hemoglobin, although a number of well-recognized risks and complications are associated, as well as high costs and bad outcome. Procedures to reduce allogenic blood transfusion include the identification and management of preoperative anemia, intraoperative salvage, and possible postoperative retransfusion systems. This chapter gives an overview of alternatives to allogenic blood transfusion from the anesthesiology and orthopedic points of view, including estimated costs and acceptance