Migration signatures across the decades: Net migration by age in U.S. counties, 1950−2010

Background: Migration is the primary population redistribution process in the United States. Selective migration by age, race/ethnic group, and spatial location governs population integration, affects community and economic development, contributes to land use change, and structures service needs. Objective: Delineate historical net migration patterns by age, race/ethnic, and rural-urban dimensions for United States counties. Methods: Net migration rates by age for all US counties are aggregated from 1950−2010, summarized by rural-urban location and compared to explore differential race/ethnic patterns of age-specific net migration over time. Results: We identify distinct age-specific net migration ‘signatures’ that are consistent over time within county types, but different by rural-urban location and race/ethnic group. There is evidence of moderate population deconcentration and diminished racial segregation between 1990 and 2010. This includes a net outflow of Blacks from large urban core counties to suburban and smaller metropolitan counties, continued Hispanic deconcentration, and a slowdown in White counterurbanization. Conclusions: This paper contributes to a fuller understanding of the complex patterns of migration that have redistributed the U.S. population over the past six decades. It documents the variability in county age-specific net migration patterns both temporally and spatially, as well as the longitudinal consistency in migration signatures among county types and race/ethnic groups

Moving to Diversity

In this brief, authors Richelle Winkler and Kenneth Johnson, using new data and techniques, find that net migration between U.S. counties increased racial diversity in each of the last two decades. However, migration’s influence on diversity was far from uniform: it varied by race, age group, and location, sometimes starkly. Overall, net migration of the population under age 40 increased diversity, while net migration of people over age 60 diminished diversity. Blacks and Hispanics are migrating to predominantly white counties, while white young adults are moving to urban core counties with relatively high proportions of blacks and Hispanics. The movement of older whites is not contributing to the growing diversity, because older whites tend to move to predominantly white counties. Winkler and Johnson conclude that, while migration contributed to the growing diversity of the nation, the process was complex and varied from place to place with significant social, economic, and political implications for both the more diverse and less diverse places

Age and lifecycle patterns driving U.S. migration shifts

Migration—people moving between locations—is now driving much of the demographic change occurring in the United States. In this brief, authors Kenneth Johnson, Richelle Winkler, and Luke Rogers share new research on age-related migration patterns to provide a fuller understanding of the complex patterns of demographic change in the United States. Examining four migration age groups, including emerging adults, young adults, family age, and older adults, their analysis of trends over time shows evidence that certain age groups migrate in similar ways. For example, young adult migrants are flowing to large metropolitan areas, while family age migrants are leaving large urban cores for the suburbs. Major metro areas in the Northeast and Midwest are losing older migrants, and rural farm counties continue to lose young adults. The authors explore how these migration patterns have important implications for people, institutions, and communities of both rural and urban America, as well as for the design of policies and practices that foster the development of sustainable communities

.Pause.

.Pause. is a series of fifteen abstract oil paintings that represent a visual inspection of changing mental/emotional states of being as we navigate life. My subject matter consists of natural and organic forms that twist, contort, overlap, and flow. These aspects—combined with dramatic and gradual shifts in color, movement, layering and lighting—create a bizarre environment of conflict and growth as well as a space for contemplation. This series is a mixture of stylistic directions, including abstract representation, gestural, and nonobjective work. Perception is called into question as the visual information becomes more obscure. Outside elements, such as lighting and the viewer’s position, play a large role in shaping the audience experience. My work includes themes similar to contemporary representational artists and stylistic choices reminiscent of the abstract expressionists

The Effects of Concussive and Sub-concussive Head Impacts on Brain Activity.

Context: 7 million athletes participate in high school sports annually. Approximately 1 million of these athletes participate in football, which is associated with repetitive head impacts. Concussion literature suggests sub-concussive impacts may lead to declines in brain function across a season of football. Furthermore, recent research suggests following clinical concussion recovery, metabolic and neurophysiological recovery may not be complete. Objective: The purpose of this study was to monitor head impacts and cognitive function during (72hour, asymptomatic) and after concussion and longer term over a full football season (pre-season, mid-season, post-season). Participants: 106 male adolescent (46 football-athletes, 42 controls for football-athletes, 9 concussed-athletes, 9 controls for concussed-athletes). Outcome measures: The Head Impact Telemetry System encoder was used to track the location and magnitude of head impacts during football participation. Psychophysiology was measured using Electroencephalography and was quantified using a 256 channel system to record brain activity during an auditory oddball task. All Participants completed Axon neurocognitive testing, clinical reaction time task (CRT), symptom inventory and two Health Related Quality of Life Surveys (Health Behavior Inventory, Satisfaction with Life) throughout the above testing time-points. Results: Football-athletes sustained a mean of 482 head impacts during all practices and games. Mixed measures ANOVA indicated a significant decrement on one BNA output score, Target amplitude, with lower post-season scores (p0.05). Furthermore, P3a amplitudes were significantly larger and N2 latency was longer during post-season testing. Mixed measured ANOVAs indicated no significant deficits in BNA output scores, Axon performance, CRT, and HRQOL, for concussed and matched controls across post-injury time points. Additionally, there was a significantly longer P3a latency post-season latencies across groups and smaller P3a amplitudes at post-season for concussed compared to controls (p<0.05). Conclusion: Overall, these findings suggest electrophysiology changes between pre and post-season testing among football athletes and control participants without concussion, with the majority demonstrating improved cognitive function. Therefore, no negative effects may be associated with repeated head impacts in one season of football. Furthermore, no cognitive deficits were present during asymptomatic testing following concussion.PhDKinesiologyUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/133275/1/richellm_1.pd

County-Specific Net Migration by Five-Year Age Groups, Hispanic Origin, Race and Sex 2000-2010

This report documents the methodology used to prepare county-level, net migration estimates by five-year age cohorts and sex, and by race and Hispanic origin, for the intercensal period from 2000 to 2010. The estimates were prepared using a vital statistics version of the forward cohort residual method (Siegel and Hamilton 1952) following the techniques used to prepare the 1990 to 2000 net migration estimates (Voss, McNiven, Johnson, Hammer, and Fuguitt 2004) as described in detail below. These numbers (and the net migration rates derivable from them) extend the set of decennial estimates of net migration that have been produced following each decennial census beginning with 1960 (net migration for the 1950s: Bowles and Tarver, 1965; 1960s: Bowles, Beale and Lee, 1975; 1970s: White, Mueser and Tierney, 1987; 1980s: Fuguitt, Beale, and Voss 2010; and 1990s: Voss, McNiven, Hammer, Johnson and Fuguitt, 2004)

Moving to Diversity

America is growing more racially and ethnically diverse, yet some parts of the country are far more diverse than others. Migration—the flow of people from one place to another—influences local diversity by continually redistributing the population and altering the racial mix in both the sending and receiving communities. Migration can serve an integrating function when people from different races move into the same area, but it can also reinforce existing racial boundaries and diminish local diversity when people from different racial groups sort themselves into homogeneous communities

Outcomes after pneumonectomy versus limited lung resection in adults with traumatic lung injury.

Pneumonectomy after traumatic lung injury (TLI) is associated with shock, increased pulmonary vascular resistance, and eventual right ventricular failure. Historically, trauma pneumonectomy (TP) mortality rates ranged between 53 and 100%. It is unclear if contemporary mortality rates have improved. Therefore, we evaluated outcomes associated with TP and limited lung resections (LLR) (i.e., lobectomy and segmentectomy) and aimed to identify predictors of mortality, hypothesizing that TP is associated with greater mortality versus LLR. We queried the Trauma Quality Improvement Program (2010-2016) and performed a multivariable logistic regression to determine the independent predictors of mortality in TLI patients undergoing TP versus LLR. TLI occurred in 287,276 patients. Of these, 889 required lung resection with 758 (85.3%) undergoing LLR and 131 (14.7%) undergoing TP. Patients undergoing TP had a higher median injury severity score (26.0 vs. 24.5, p = 0.03) but no difference in initial median systolic blood pressure (109 vs. 107 mmHg, p = 0.92) compared to LLR. Mortality was significantly higher for TP compared to LLR (64.9% vs 27.2%, p &lt; 0.001). The strongest independent predictor for mortality was undergoing TP versus LLR (OR 4.89, CI 3.18-7.54, p &lt; 0.001). TP continues to be associated with a higher mortality compared to LLR. Furthermore, TP is independently associated with a fivefold increased risk of mortality compared to LLR. Future investigations should focus on identifying parameters or treatment modalities that improve survivability after TP. We recommend that surgeons reserve TP as a last-resort management given the continued high morbidity and mortality associated with this procedure