Multifaceted value profiles of forest owner categories in South Sweden: The river helge å catchment as a case study

Forest landscapes provide benefits from a wide range of goods, function and intangible values. But what are different forest owner categories\u27 profiles of economic use and non-use values? This study focuses on the complex forest ownership pattern of the River Helge å catchment including the Kristianstad Vattenrike Biosphere Reserve in southern Sweden. We made 89 telephone interviews with informants representing the four main forest owner categories. Our mapping included consumptive and non-consumptive direct use values, indirect use values, and non-use values such as natural and cultural heritage. While the value profiles of non-industrial forest land owners and municipalities included all value categories, the forest companies focused on wood production, and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency on nature protection. We discuss the challenges of communicating different forest owners\u27 economic value profiles among stakeholders, the need for a broader suite of forest management systems, and fora for collaborative planning. © 2013 The Author(s)

Diurnal Changes in Angular Sensitivity of Crab Photoreceptors

The electrophysiological and anatomical consequences of diurnal changes in screening pigment position were investigated in the apposition eye of the portunid crab Scylla serrata. Intracellular recordings revealed that the acceptance angles of dark-adapted photoreceptors enlarged up to four-fold at night compared with photoreceptors dark-adapted in the day. Furthermore, while light adaptation at night caused acceptance angles to narrow, dark adaptation in the day caused no significant broadening of angles. These electrophysiological changes correlated with pigment movements in the eye observed both histologically and in the deep pseudopupil. It is found that the distal pigment cells change diurnally so that the field-stop which these cells form in front of the photoreceptors is opened in the night and closed in the day time. One feature of the diurnal rhythm is that it prevents photoreceptor fields of view enlarging when eyes are dark adapted in the day. In Scylla, photoreceptor fields of view take tens of minutes to narrow upon exposure of crabs to light at night. By preventing a similar broadening in the day, the diurnal rhythm may enable animals suddenly leaving dark refuges to be pre-adapted to daylight. To a range of species which utilise refuges such a mechanism would be of significant advantage, especially after disturbance by predators.